DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO - PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SAÚDE E AMBIENTE
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Item Mulheres com câncer de colo do útero: avaliação da qualidade de vida(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2020-05-20) FERREIRA, Thayane Costa; SARDINHA, Ana Hélia de Lima; 158651773-20; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9055406575978202; SARDINHA, Ana Hélia de Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9055406575978202; LOPES, Maria Lúcia Holanda; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9038305276872211; VARGA, István van Deursen; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4612474672481875; RODRIGUES, Zulimar Márita Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6542138123433450The present study aimed to assess the quality of life of women with cervical cancer. Descriptive-transversal research with a quantitative approach carried out with 175 women undergoing treatment for cervical cancer at the outpatient clinic of the cancer hospital Aldenora Bello. The instrument used was composed of two questionnaires: the first containing closed questions regarding the socioeconomic, demographic and clinical conditions of the patients and the second the EORTC QLQ-30. The collected data was stored in a specific database created in Microsoft Excel version 2016 program and statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS 24 program. The results showed that the majority of the interviewees were between 40 and 59 years old at the time of diagnoses (56%), mixed race (69,8%), with incomplete primary education (44,7%), married (42,3%), had between 4 and 7 children (49,2%), were unemployed (40%), catholics (50,9%) and had a monthly family income of 1 to 3 minimum wages (6,9%). As for health conditions, menarche prevailed > 12 years (89,7%), first sexual intercourse < 18 years old (74,3%), 1 to 5 sexual partners (88,6%), the majority never used oral contraceptives (68,6%), non-alcoholics (96%), non-smokers (96%) and nor did practice physical activity (81,1%), the interval of days between clinical diagnosis and treatment was ≤ 60 days (76,6%). As for clinical conditions, squamous cell carcinoma (90,3%) prevailed, T3b / IIIB staging (41%) and the association between radiotherapy and chemotherapy (42,8%) as forms of treatment. Regarding the interviewees’ quality of life assessed by the global health status, it was considered satisfactory. When evaluating the quality of life averages obtained in the various domains, it was found that, in the functional scales, the items social function (84,2 ± 29,4), functional performance (62,3 ± 40,4) and physical function (61,0 ± 27,5) obtained the greatest results. On the symptom scale, financial difficulties (66,7 + 41,2) were the most common. Thefore, it is extremely importante to include measures of quality of life in clinical practice, these can be essential in the evaluation of certain therapeutic interventions and in the consequences of the disease in the lives of these women.Item Bioprospecção do óleo essencial das folhas de Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. da Amazônia Legal com propriedade antibacteriana: Contribuição para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos.(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2020-08-13) SILVA , Marcos Vinícius Soares; FERRO, Thiago Azevedo Feitosa; 942.689.243-53; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5076539366122449; COUTINHO, Denise Fernandes; 515.551.073-20; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7346399893912346; VILANOVA, Crisálida Machado; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6169887955326331; COUTINHO, Denise Fernandes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7346399893912346; AMARAL, Flavia Maria Mendonça do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9334507801916334; BRITO, Maria Cristiane Aranha; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7629307127631321Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC, a species belonging to the Myrtaceae family, has a geographic distribution throughout Brazil, being an endemic plant in tropical areas and with potential for the development of products of interest. This work aimed to carry out a bioprospecting study of the species Mycia guianensis determining the chemical composition from its leaves essential oil and, still, evaluating its potential for antibacterial activity and toxicity. The collection was carried out in the Chapada das Mesas National Park, Legal Amazon, in March 2018 and the extraction of essential oil occurred by hydrodistillation process. The chemical components identification was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The in silico analysis of the potential antimicrobial activity and toxicity was carried out with the major components of the essential oil performing software such as PASS, Osiris, PROTOX and SwissADME. The in vitro evaluation of the essential oil occurred against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 042), Klebsiella pneumoniae (clinical isolate), and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)(clinical isolate strain 01 and 02) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antibiofilm activity of essential oil, viability and metabolic activity bacterial. In order to assess toxicity, an in vivo infection model induced by Staphylococcus aureus in Tenebrio molitor larvae was performed. Beyond that, there was a performance evaluation of bacterial load in the hemolymph from Tenebrio molitorlarvae after 24 hours comparing the essential oil and ciprofloxacin. The Myrcia guianensis leaves essential oil showed a good yield, 1.34%, with the major components identified: (E-)-caryophyllene (35.22%), terpinolene (13.76%) and β-bisabolene (6.13%). The evaluation through the software showed good antimicrobial potential and low toxicity of the major compounds. In the in vitro evaluation, the results were promising against tested Gram-positive strains, especially Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and clinical isolates MRSA, while showing little or no effect against tested Gram-negative strains, except for the potential antibiofilm against Escherichia coli (ATCC 042). Regarding toxicity in both in silico and in vivo analysis, no toxic effect was observed, in addition to confirming the antibacterial potential with the drastic reduction in bacterial load in the evaluation of the hemolymph of the Tenebrio molitor larvae. Therefore, the essential oil presents promising results against Staphylococcus aureus, representing a good alternative for potential product of pharmaceutical interest.Item Desenvolvimento e testes in vitro e in vivo de um Hidratante e fotoprotetor a base de óleo de amêndoas de Attalea speciosa (Babaçu) para xerose cutânea em pacientes com Hanseníase(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2019-12-27) SILVA, Michael Jackson Ferreira da; COSTA, Maria Célia Pires; 012167163-15; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4515777673951926; GONÇALVES, Eloisa da Graça do Rosário; 957732827-04; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2449592677614097; GONÇALVES, Eloisa da Graça do Rosário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2449592677614097; SANTOS, Angela Maria Correa Mouzinho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7311926069937014; CARMO, Luíza Helena Araújo do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7789267361757502; SILVA, Antonio Rafael da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8487081427562075Cutaneous xerosis (CX) is a change in the stratum corneum (SC) characterized by reduced proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, lipid content, hydration, pH and sebum production. Evidence suggests that the composition and amount of SC lipids from leprosy patients are different from those of healthy individuals. Several products derived from vegetables have been studied as candidates for moisturizers, with emphasis on babassu coconut almond oil (Attalea speciosa), one of the most important representatives of Brazilian palm trees. In this way a cream-gel formulation was developed using babassu coconut oil as an emollient and occlusive active in the reduction of CX in leprosy patients in the state of Maranhão. . The physicochemistry and chromatography were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (CG-MS) of the babassu oil sample. Development and quality control of the formulation. Selection of volunteers treated or being treated for leprosy from 2015 to 2018 in Buriticupu – MA. The clinical trials were performed in two 15-day cycles: first with the cream-gel formulation with babassu oil (treatment A) and the second with the gel-cream formulation without babassu oil (treatment B). A control (untreated) area was included in both cycles. Biometric evaluations were performed on days (D0, D7 and D15) for the comparative effect of the results. Biophysical evaluations were performed using Corneometer® and SkinpHmeter®. The results of the physico-chemical analysis of unmanufactured and unfiltered babassu coconut oil (OBNAnF) showed reduced acidity, saponification and density indices, and refraction within the national and international standards. Transesterification of the OBNAnF sample analyzed by GC-MS demonstrated the predominance of lauric acid, followed by myristic acid. Treatment A showed the best moisturizing capacity (29.4 ± 0.6) when compared to treatment B (25.1 ± 0.1) and control (25.4 ± 0.9), in the first week (D7). At week D15, treatment A (29.07 ± 0.7) also showed the best hydration capacity, compared to treatment B (26.5 ± 1) and control (23.3 ± 0.1). The results of weeks D7 and D15 presented statistical significance (p = 0.0140). The cream-gel formulation did not significantly alter the pH of the volunteers' xerotic skin, treatment A (11.6 ± 0.1), treatment B (8.8 ± 0.2) and control (11, 4 ± 0.2) at week D7 when compared to week D15, treatment A (11.0 ± 0.4), treatment B (11.6 ± 0.1) and control (11.4 ± 0.2). Therefore, the results of the clinical evaluations show the efficacy and good tolerability of the formulation in the hydration of the xerotic skin. The biophysical evaluation of the cream-gel formulation showed a significant improvement in the skin moisture.Item QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA DE CORPOS HÍDRICOS LOCALIZADOS NO DISTRITO SANITÁRIO DO ITAQUI-BACANGA E AS IMPLICAÇÕES NA SAÚDE DA POPULAÇÃO DO ENTORNO.(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2019-03-15) CABRAL, Patricia Fernanda Pereira; SILVA, Iranaldo Santos da; 812.964.603-04; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1281555528581499; CASTRO, Antonio Carlos Leal de; 064.868.003-72; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9450410023114396; CASTRO, Antonio Carlos Leal de; 005.726.013-36; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9450410023114396; SILVA, Iranaldo Santos da; 812.964.603-04; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1281555528581499; RODRIGUES, Zulimar Marita Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6542138123433450; SOARES, Leonardo Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5352983119262178; MOUCHREK FILHO, Victor Elias; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2381183158978639Water represents one of the main environmental compartments. Its constant use in our daily activities and body composition translates how valuable this good is. However, what has been observed in recent years is the non-valorization of this resource through the gradual deforestation of riparian forests and the constant deposition of contaminants in the river and stream beds, which does not guarantee that this resource participates properly, hydrological cycle and changing compartments. This situation aggravates the access to quality water, and consequently, causes health problems, both by the consumption of contaminated water and food, as well as by diseases resulting from the lack of basic sanitation. In São Luís, this scenario is no different, because, although the Island is abundant in fresh and salty water, the population growth and the installation of industries in the region, which occurred in the last decades, hinders the dynamics of these ecosystems, since they are not respected the banks or effluent deposition in the riverbed. In this context, this research aimed to analyze the quality of water bodies located in the Itaqui-Bacanga Sanitary District in São Luís / MA, and the health implications of the residents of the region. Samples were collected in four distinct periods, taking place quarterly from May 2017 to February 2018. Physical-chemical analyzes were performed at the collection site using HORIBA Multi-Parameter Kit (Multi-Water Quality Checker U-50 Series), determining Electrical Conductivity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature. The metals analysis took place at the Analytical Automation Research Laboratory, UFMA, using the Anodic Redissolution Voltammetry, determining Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. Microbiological analyzes were analyzed at the Technological Pavilion, UFMA, using the Multiple Tube Technique to determine Escherichia coli. The questionnaires were applied by household and the research was approved by the UFMA Ethics Committee, with the opinion N ° 2290033.Item CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE EXTRATOS DA GEOPRÓPOLIS DE Melipona fasciculata Smith de biomas maranhenses.(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017-02-22) ROCHA, Aliny Oliveira; AMARAL, Flavia Maria Mendonça do; 252.382.803-00; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9334507801916334; AMARAL, Flavia Maria Mendonça do; 252.382.803-00; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9334507801916334; MORAES, Denise Fernandes Coutinho; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7346399893912346; CARTAGENES, Maria do Socorro de Sousa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3013333572719007; SOUZA, Neuton da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6314817497876535Melipona fasciculata Smith, a stingless social bee, is cultivated in the state of Maranhão for honey production, but also produces wax and geoprópolis besides accumulating pollen (source of protein, lipids and vitamins) and nectar (carbohydrate source). Representing source of income for several rural families. Geopropolis is formed by collecting resinous plant material, mixed with wax and salivary secretions and added soil. Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumoral and leishmanicidal actions were reported for Melipona fasciculata geoprópolis; Being demonstrated the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes and tannins. Given the representativeness of the geopropolis and the need to add value, this work aimed to characterize the geoprópolis of Melipona fasciculata from different biomes of the state of Maranhão, aiming to contribute with parameters of product quality. The geopropolis samples were collected in 04 (four) municipalities located in 03 (three) biomes (Transition Zone between Amazonia-Cerrado-Caatinga-Costeiro, Amazônia and Cerrado Maranhense); submitted to the evaluation of the chemical composition (spectrophotometry and absorption in the ultraviolet / visible region, high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet / visible detector, high efficiency liquid chromatography with diode arrangement detector coupled to mass spectrometry with Ionization by electrospray) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). The results show that the samples of the Transition Zone between Amazonia-Cerrado-Caatinga-Costeiro Maranhense show antioxidant activity, being the sample with more characteristics of Cerrado of the municipality of Belágua with better antioxidant content, probably given to the polyphenolic compounds evidenced in this sample; Showing a good correlation of the total polyphenol contents with the DPPH and ABTS methods. Among the polyphenols, hydrolysable tannins were identified in the extract of the municipality of Belágua. The geopropolis extract from the municipality of Belágua, transition zone, presented more significant results. The results obtained allow to add value of the geopropolis of, as potential antioxidant products. Melipona fasciculata.Item Análise espacial de casos prováveis de febre pelo vírus Zika no município de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil.(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2018-03-19) ARAUJO, Adriana Soraya; BRANCO, Maria dos Remédios Freitas Carvalho; 255487513-87; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5449951869928014; AQUINO JÚNIOR, José; 308705958-73; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0381433540947757; AQUIO JÚNIOR, José; 308705958-73; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0381433540947757; BRANCO, Maria dos Remédios Freitas Carvalho; 255487513-87; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5449951869928014; SANTOS, Alcione Miranda dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2709550775435326; MEDEIROS, Maria Nilza Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2755510184384522; RODRIGUES, Zulimar Márita Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6542138123433450The Zika virus is an arbovirus whose main transmitter vector is Aedes aegypti with a wide geographic distribution in the country. The occurrence of Fever by the Zika virus may be related to the social and environmental conditions conducive to the transmission dynamics of this disease. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of probable cases of Zika virus (ZIKV), correlating with climatic variables and Aedes aegypti index in the municipality of São Luís, Maranhão, and socioenvironmental factors used as indicators of transmission risk and the incidence of the disease. This is an ecological, population-based and climate-based study, obtained from cases of Zika fever reported in the SINAN (National Institute of Public Health Information System) in 2015 to 2016 in the municipality of São Luís - MA, data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and the Aedes aegypti Index Survey (LIRAa). A descriptive analysis of the variables related to the cases of the disease was performed. In the spatial analysis, spatial statistical techniques were used, Moran and Local Index for the identification of spatial clusters. For the temporal approach, the negative binomial regression model was used to verify the effect of the climatic variables and the Aedes aegypti Index Survey on the occurrence of cases. Stata software version 14.0 was used for statistical analysis and ArcGis version 10.5 software for mapping and calculating Moran global indexes. During the study period, 2,855 cases of Zika fever were registered in the municipality of São Luís, with a high incidence rate in the northern region of the municipality. In all SD there were records of cases of fever by the zika virus, with a higher concentration in the Bequimão DS. There was a statistically significant correlation between the Zika virus incidence rate and maximum temperature (p = 0.01), minimum humidity (p = 0.003) and IIP (p = 00.1). The overall Moran index did not identify significant autocorrelation of the incidence rate. High incidence rates were identified in locations with better socioenvironmental conditions of urban structure and higher rates of vector infestation, evidencing a close relation of the incidence with areas with high IIP, which may characterize an alert situation in the municipality of São Luís. , the underreporting may have contributed to the absence of a significant spatial correlation of the incidence of Zika virus in the municipality.Item Câncer do colo do útero em idosas: análise dos fatores associados e da distribuição espacial(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2018-03-29) VERZARO, Pabline Medeiros; SARDINHA, Ana Hélia de Lima; 158.651.773-20; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9055406575978202; NASCIMENTO, Maria do Desterro Soares Brandão; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3958174822396319; RODRIGUES, Zulimar Márita Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6542138123433450; VARGA, István Van Deursen; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4612474672481875Objective: to associate sociodemographic and clinical variables with staging of cervical cancer in the elderly of an oncology reference hospital. Methodology: This is an observational, retrospective and analytical study. A total of 559 elderly women were studied for the statistical calculation, using the statistical program SPSS v. 19, considering a level of significance of 0.05. Results: The variables that presented a statistically significant correlation with the staging of cervical cancer were: married women (p = 0.018), histopathologic type squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.002), radiotherapy + chemotherapy as the first treatment received in the hospital (p = 0.021), complete remission of the disease at the end of the first treatment (p = 0.000), without cancer deaths (p = 0.000) and never smoked (p = 0.03). Conclusion: The data from the study reaffirms the need for prevention and active search of cases. Knowing the epidemiological characteristics of these elderly women, attended at a hospital of oncological reference, becomes significant, since it provides subsidy for the planning evaluation of effective programs in the control of cervical cancer.Item Indicadores socioambientais da baixada maranhense: abordagem sobre os bairros ribeirinhos da cidade de Arari(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017-02-24) ASSUNÇÃO, Milena Mária Silva; FEITOSA, Antonio Cordeiro; 032.772.673-34; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4947538265856976; RODRIGUES, Zulimar Márita Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6542138123433450; FERREIRA, Antonio José de Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3393417053367758; CASTRO, Antonio Carlos Leal de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9450410023114396In this research about the socio-environmental reality of the riparian population of the Arari’s city, in the Baixada Maranhense, considering an analysis of data and information constants in socio-environmental indicators, specifically socioeconomic indicators, basic sanitation and environmental, contributing with subsidies to the equation of economic problems and environmental aspects of the area. It is an integrated research, for aggregating the issues related to the economic, social and environmental dimensions, of comparative exploratory and descriptive nature, complemented with bibliographical analysis and field and opinion research with application of the questionnaire to the riparian population and of a Protocol Preliminary Diagnosis of urban water courses applied in the Mearim river and igarapé of Nema, based on qualitative and quantitative approaches on a social and environmental reality of the neighborhoods Franca, Flores, Matadouro e Habitar Brasil. Based on the analysis of the primary and secondary materials collected, it was constructed with the selected indicators on the informative-descriptive panorama about the socio-environmental conditions of the neighborhoods by of a matrix with dimensions of the Pressure Model - State - Impact / Effect / Response. It was verified that the neighborhood conditions are related to pressure factors such as population growth, showing a state of urban expansion, the increase of wastes and solid waste without a satisfactory basic sanitation network and the increase of dwellings in permanent preservation areas (PPA) and agrossilvopastoril activities, with the heavily altered vegetation, the cultivation along the banks of water bodies, and the disposal of solid waste and sewage on the banks of the river and igarapé, mainly in the most vulnerable areas. It was identified that the districts studied had differences in the disposition of the indicators, the poorest are the most susceptibleItem Estudo de padronização de extratos de folhas da caramboleira (Averrhoa carambola L.) na pesquisa e desenvolvimento de medicamentos antimicrobianos(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014-08-29) Val, Érico Brito; MORAES, Denise Fernandes CoutinhoThe pharmaceutical industry invests millions of dollars on research of new pharmacs with antimicrobial activity, that can be used to develop new medicines, highlighting the ones from natural sources. To produce any kind of medicine is important to assure the quality, efectiveness and safe and in this process the raw material should be analyzed. The genus Averrhoa (Oxalidaceae) has two species of economic interest: A. bilimbi (cucumber tree) and A. carambola (starfruit). They are plants that grown in Brazil and probable natives from Asia, both have usages in the food industry, pharmaceutical potential and have many traditional uses against various pathologies. This dissertation was divided in two parts. The first part consists of a literature review covering botanical, economic, chemical, pharmacological and toxicity aspects of A. carambola and A. bilimbi, where it was observed that the majority of the studies is about A. carambola, which has over 170 compounds identified, mainly phenolic glycosides. Both plants have pharmacological studies with antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, hypoglycemic, antitumor actions. Most studies were performed with hydroalcoholic and methanolic extracts, with some activity relating to isolated compounds. Further studies on chemical composition and biological activities of these species are needed, especially A. bilimbi, and of their biological properties. The data can support the future studies with these species. In the second part we aimed to provide data for the standardization of extracts from A. carambola L., from chemical and biological assays of antimicrobial activity, to contribute to produce safe medicines. The antimicrobial activity was performed with bacteria, using microdilution methods and difusion in agar well technique. Sample leaves of A. carambola was collected in the region of Matões in Maranhão state. The dried and powdered leaves were used to obtain hydroalcoholic extracts from factorial design, with variables as different extractive methods (maceration, percolation and Soxhlet apparatus) and hydromodules (1: 8, 1:12 and 1:16). The extracts were evaluated, qualitatively and semi-quantitatively chemical constituents, total polyphenol content, flavonoid content and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. The extracts presented differences in color, quantitative variations in the chemical constituents and content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. It was also observed differences in antimicrobial activity of the extracts tested in the two methods. The extract obtained, by percolation and using hydromodule ratio of 1: 8 showed the more expressive results for chemical composition and biological activity, thereby confirming that the examined variables influenced the composition of the extracts and consequently in the results. We have showed the best methods for this species to get an extract with antimicrobial activity.Item Atividade moluscicida de óleos essenciais de plantas aromáticas da região Amazônica maranhense(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016-07-26) Ribeiro, Edilene Carvalho Gomes; MORAES, Denise Fernandes Coutinho; 515.551.073-20“Molluscicide activity of essential oils from aromatic plants maranhense Amazon region”. Schistosomiasis is one of the most important endemics and widespread diseases in the world with closely linked occurrence to environmental conditions precarious. The parasite responsible for this disease, Schistosoma mansoni, requires the participation of Biomphalaria snails to complete their life cycle. According to the World Health Organization, one of the ways to combat this disease is to perform the mollusc control to avoid the helminth’s life cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of essential oils of herbs occurring in Amazon area of Maranhão, Brazil and characterize the chemical composition and toxicity from non-target organisms of these oils to point viable and sustainable alternative to control the schistosomiasis that is an endemic disease in several Brazilian states, including the state of Maranhão. Essential oils were extracted from the aerial parts of plant harvested in the Rio Parnaíba National Park, Alto Parnaíba – MA, by hydrodistillation in Clevenger-type apparatus during a period of three hours. The chemical composition of these essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Among the collected species, the essential oils with a yield above 0,7% were selected to our study. The molluscicidal activity of each essential oil was tested at five different concentrations against Biomphalaria glabrata following the standard method recommended by World Health Organization (1983). The toxicity assessment was carried out against non-target organisms, zebrafish through static method, without replacement water, standardized by NBR 15088. The results were expressed by lethal concentrations with 95% confidence intervals and calculated using a probit regression model, and the data were submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey test. Essential oils of species Eugenia punicifolia, Hyptis dilatata, Lippia gracilis and Lippia acitidens were characterized by the predominance of monoterpene compounds. In the other hand, the essential oil of FG20151 showed no monoterpenes and predominance of sesquiterpenes oxygenates. All evaluated essential oils showed bioactivity against B. glabrata with LC90 values between 27.41 and 182.33 µg/mL. Although the essential oils studied exhibited acute toxicity to zebrafish fish in lethal concentrations molluscicide, they were less toxic when compared to the toxicity of the synthetic commercial Bayluscide molluscicide. Thus, these results show that these species have the potential to be used as sources of bioactivity compounds with molluscicide property. The challenge is to promote innovation in the field of neglected diseases, that needs investment and research with satisfactory return.Item O Ecossistema manguezal em Meio Urbano no Contexto de Políticas Públicas de Uso e Ocupação do Solo na Bacia do Rio Anil, São Luis, Maranhão(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2008-02-23) Bezerra, Denilson da Silva; SANTOS, Márcio C. F. Vaz dos; CPF:290 672 60010The ecosystem of mangroves possesses great relevance for the coastal area, fact that puts it as an intangible area for the juridical system of Brazil. However this, doesn't take into account the socioeconomic and real estate pressures imposed for this environment in the urban centers, appearing this way, paradoxical situations for the ecosystem, as well as, also, to the quality of human life. There for, the present study aims at to propose the insert of mangrove in municipal politics of use and occupation of the soil. For that, the scenery of the basin of the river Anil was used (São Luís-MA) in an interval of time from 1975 to 2001 with the aid of the geoprocessament tool. As result was obtained vectorial files of the alterations caused by the progress of the urban perimeter towards the environment object of the research (reduction of this around 35, 44%), as well as, estimate of this process in the neighborhoods of the Liberdade (R$ 20.560.400) and Jaracati (R$ 10.006.233). Being concluded this way that vectors socials, economicals and immobilities address the process of use of the environment focus of the present researches in the analyzed area.Item RESPONSABILIDADE SÓCIO-AMBIENTAL EMPRESARIAL: a inserção do Direito Ambiental e Sanitário e o grau de adesão ao Pacto Global/ONU nas atividades produtivas em São Luís - Maranhão(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2009-02-19) Carvalho, Cristiane Caldas; RAMOS, Paulo Roberto Barbosa; CPF:37589075353; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4081165602902213; Aith, Fernando Mussa Abujamra; CPF:16691795830; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9973763236245873; Carvalho, Márcia Haydée Porto de; CPF:37610643300; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5154808741026403The theme of social business accountability (SBA) has been evidenced in face of challenges to the sustainment of productive activities. The impacts, notoriously positive and negative, in an economic, social and environmental field, don t recognize geo-political boundaries and reach an indeterminate number of people and nations. Political, judicial and social tendencies consolidated a minimum position of State and regulation of relations according to market demands. The unrestricted access to goods and services created an environment of unfavorable consumption to sustainable development and this fact motivated the social movements to promote a debate, among other themes, about the concept of social business accountability. In this way, in 1999 the United Nations Organization (UNO), in a pioneer performance, singularized the importance of the companies having an ethical commitment with society and proposed an international commitment for sustainable development. It was the emergence of the Global Pact and Millennial Development Goals (MDG). In this perspective, technical and judicial instruments were developed or identified, mainly in the areas of health, occupational security and environment, giving special attention to Sanitary and Environmental Rights in the Federal Constitution, federal legislation, international devices and pertinent technical norms. With the objective of identifying the insertion of the Sanitary and Environmental Rights and the degree of adhesion to the principles of the Global Pact, as well as contributions from the businesses to the MDGs in São Luís/MA, a sample of 27 companies associated to the ICE-MA., were researched. By means of self-evaluation questionnaires, a registered profile, the evidences of attention to legal requirements of health, environmental and occupational security, the actual stage of actions and social accountability programs, and finally the degree of adhesion to the Global Pact principles and the actions directed towards the MDGs, were identified. By the analysis sample that was considered, it was confirmed that the companies that were researched are located in a distributive manner in the areas of 07 hydrographic basins in the municipal area of São Luís, being that the majority is in conformity with the demands of environmental licensing, plan of medical and occupational health control and a plan of environmental risk prevention, with 0,32% of the total of sample workers involved in work accidents. It is also confirmed that the companies, in their majority, recognize the SBA as an ethical relation with all the public with whom it relates` and even without a specialized administrative structure in SBA, the companies are dedicated to punctual actions by their own initiative or in partnerships, with the application of a significant amount estimated in resources. In relation to the degree of adhesion to the principles of the Global Pact, the companies were identified mainly in the advanced or intermediate stages, outstanding in the elimination of forced or compulsory labor. It was also confirmed that the initiatives of the companies for the MDGs in São Luís are still lacking, although there is ample distinction for the combat against HIV/AIDS and other diseases and for the access to basic universal education.Item O ESTADO AMBIENTAL COMO INDICADOR NA QUALIDADE DE VIDA DA POPULAÇÃO: uma análise da relação saúde e ambiente no centro urbano do município de Raposa, Maranhão, Brasil.(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2008-12-17) Silva, Luciney de Jesus Costa da; TROVÃO, José Ribamar; CPF:00310310300; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4403732292363297It is analyzed the relation health and environment in the urban space of the Raposa (MA) borough, beginning for the discussion of some environmental problems of general and specific character. It is done a bibliography analysis about the interaction human and environmental, discussing the environmental quality and environmental degradation; about the relation health and society, where it is accosted also the environmental health and the life quality. This analysis lectures about the source and creation of Raposa borough, besides the physiographic aspects. It is Studied the relation between environmental condition of the urban solo and the life quality. The socioeconomic situation is diagnosed, as the urban infrastructure, population s composition and economic situation; environmental situation, how the degradation, the environmental insanitariness and the water s quality consumed trough microbiological analysis; the sanitary situation, how the Health s Family Program performance and the official sanitary statistics of Raposa borough.Item ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E DESENVOLVIMENTO NEUROPSICOMOTOR DE CRIANÇAS EM COMUNIDADE URBANA DE SÃO LUÍS - 2008(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2008-09-24) Souza, Valeria Ferreira Pereira; MOCHEL, Elba Gomide; CPF:17624746387; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7904420167856122Descriptive study to assess the nutritional condition of children aged between zero and six years, accompanied by the Pastoral da Criança , through the anthropometric method by weight / age, height / age and weight / height indicators, using as a reference the NCHS standard. The development of children was investigated using the Denver Development Screening Test II to evaluate the personal-social aspects, fine motor adaptive coordination, language and rude motor coordination. In this survey took part 80 children aged between zero and less than six years. Of the children studied 52.5% were eutrophic and 47.5% were malnourished. Most of the malnourished children were between the 0 to 24 months age group. The malnutrition in the weight / age indicator was 23.75%; in the height / age was 37.5% and was 12.5% in the weight / height indicator, but some children were malnourished in more than one indicator. Changes in development were present in 26 (32.5%) children, considering there was a great evidence in malnourished children, because of among 38 (47.5%) malnourished children, 24 showed changes, i.e. 63.15%, but among 42 (52.5%) eutrophic children only 2 (4.76%) were lagging behind. As for the development assessed areas, it was found that most of the delays encountered were in the fine motor-adaptive domain, 28 (35%), followed by personal-social aspects, 25 (31.3%) and language, 19 (23, 8%). It was noted how important is to measure when assessing the children s malnutrition, because the highest rate of malnourished children was at the height / age indicator. The malnutrition was considered, statistically, a significant risk factor for change in child development.Item O DISCIPLINAMENTO LEGAL DOS RESÍDUOS DE SERVIÇOS DE SAÚDE NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO LUÍS: garantia dos direitos à saúde e ao meio ambiente(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2009-02-25) Vieira, Lorena Saboya; RAMOS, Paulo Roberto Barbosa; CPF:37589075353; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4081165602902213Today, one of the most important concerns is the search for the environment balance, where the man becomes possible the perpetuation of his specie in harmony with the nature. Many problems with the destruction of the environment have been elected as priority for the governmental actions. The gradual increase of the solid waste generation and, in special, the health solid waste, is in evidence at the national and international environmental discussion, witch beyond the environmental disequilibrium they can either cause through the inadequate handling risk of epidemiologists alterations and public health exposition. Strategies that make possible the safe waste management had been created with the intention to minimize the environment and sanitary impacts preceding from this special type of residue, with prominence, the rules of the regulating agencies as CONAMA and ANVISA. The city of São Luís, in its turn, regulated the treatment of Health Solid Wast Management by the creation of many laws. However, this regulation is incomplete and unprovided of effectiveness, since the establishments of health disobey what is demanded in the law. In this direction, this thesis aims at to study the scene of the health solid waste in the city of São Luís, as well as all legislation that regulates its. This research tried to contribute with the solution of the problematic by a critical discussion about the current legislation and, also, making suggestions for new regulations more rigorous, specific, educative, effective and, still, with focus on the local reality. The research was based on information supplied by the State and Local Sanitary Secretary, Local Secretary of Public Services and for the State Secretary of Environment. The thesis was built to contribute with the scientific discussion about the rules effectiveness and the performance of the agenciesItem IDOSOS REMANESCENTES DE QUILOMBO DO MUNICÍPIO DE ALCÂNTARA-MA(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2013-06-15) Silva, Cleidson de Morais; SARDINHA, Ana Helia de Lima; CPF:15865177320; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9055406575978202Introduction: Population aging is a global phenomenon, recognized as demand generator and a great political challenge for all countries, including Brazil. Living longer is a common aspiration, yet it is needed to add quality of life to the added years. Inasmuch black population, specially Quilombola communities, is known by its social and healthy vulnerabilities, it becomes relevant to investigate the construct quality of life in this doubly vulnerable population segment.Objectives: To assess quality of life of Quilombo s remnant older adults from Alcântara- MA, through domains: physical, psychological, social relationships and environment. Describe their socioeconomic and demographic profile.Methodology: That s an analytical, observational, cross-sectional study with quantitative approach in a sample(n=129) divided into three groups. Convenience sampling was adopted, data was collected among June and December, 2012. The data collection instruments were a socio-demographic questionnaire and WHOQOL-BREF Portuguese version. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 20 program, being calculated descriptive statistics, analysis of variance one way, Bonferroni s test, bivariate analysis- Pearson s and Spearmann s correlation. Results: The best perception of quality of life and health was observed in the Group III, significant correlations were found between marital status and quality of life in the Group III, trash destination and quality of life, number of children and health perception, both in the Group II. The analysis of variance revealed that Psychological Domain for Group I was statistically lower, this result was confirmed through Bonferrni s test, whereas regular, positive correlations were observed among overall facets Quality of Life and Health( Group I) and among Quality of Life and Health with Environment Domain(group III). Final Remarks:The findings suggest the adoption of health actions for healthy aging promotion, creation of opportunities for leisure activities and combating depression symptoms, the need for health actions planning for elderly and adoption of measures of environment sanitation.Item Idosos hipertensos: acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015-06-15) Deus, Kátia Maria Marques Sousa de; Rodrigues, Zulimar Márita Ribeiro; CPF:28162617353; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6542138123433450; SARDINHA, Ana Helia de Lima; CPF:15865177320; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9055406575978202The aging of the population, comes with goals, different responsibilities and challenges to be met by global authorities Elderly population monitoring is characterized by great vulnerability, and so the demand for health services grows significantly. They have high rates of chronic and disabling diseases; among them we highlight the systemic hypertension (SH), as it constitutes one of the most prevalent health problems today and major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Access to health services becomes crucial for ensuring prevention, rehabilitation and healing, especially in rural areas, due to a lower supply of health services. This research aimed to study the access and utilization of health services by elderly hypertensive patients registered at FHS UBS Vila Maranhão. The study is characterized as descriptive, exploratory quantitative approach. Was held in Vila Maranhão countryside of São Luís near the elderly enrolled in the FHS Health Center Yves Parga, UBS site. Counted with a sample representation of 164 elderly registered. For data collection we used a form with 29 semi structured questions. The collected data were organized and analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2013 program and analyzed in BioEstat software - Version 5.3. The results demonstrate the socioeconomic and demographic research that most elderly hypertensive patients is between 70 and 74anos, are female, of brown color, with elementary school, married, Catholic, living with children and grandchildren, have their own and masonry house and are retired; have a family income of two minimum wages, without health insurance and have comorbidities. In lifestyle checks that do not smoke, ingest alcoholic beverages and do not exercise. In the investigation of access and utilization of health services results show that receive visit 1time / month FHS in the person of ACS and very few vaccinate and consult at home; UBS seek for medical attention receive medication, vaccination and spontaneous measurement of PA. Use buses to transport and take about 20 minutes to get to the Unit, say they are satisfied with the service despite citing difficulties such as medical absenteeism, delay and disruption in service, high demand, lack of medicine. Seek other US for care. The evaluation of the supply and use of health services by the elderly can measure the effectiveness of health policies and verify the need for a reformulation of care and reorganization of services in order to facilitate the access and accommodating appropriate way. In Vila Maranhão, strategies need to be created and efforts for the implementation of actions and rationalization of resources in order to minimize the difficulties that prevent to meet in full and equal the old trackingItem AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE LEISHMANICIDA DE ESPÉCIES VEGETAIS(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2006-03-17) Bezerra, Jeamile Lima; RIBEIRO, Maria Nilce de Sousa; CPF:03211908234The Leishmaniose, infectum-parasitic illness caused by protozoans of the Leishmania sort, is still one of the biggest problems of public health affecting about 12 millions of people in 88 countries, with the 1-2 register million new cases annually. Of all the cases of LT, 90% occur in Brazil, Peru, Afghanistan, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Syria e Anger. In Brazil, leishmaniose is one antropozoonose emergent had mainly to occured changes in the chain epidemiologist, including alterations in the reservoirs, vectors and hosts, in result of the social, economic and cultural conditions of the population. The Leishmaniose American Tegumentar (LTA) has been pointed in practically all the Brazilian states with gradual increase of cases, registering in recent years in the regions North, Northeast, Center-West and South.Isolated natural composites of plants had had and continue having a great one impact in supervened and the treatment of some diseases human beings. Moreover, the plants they are important substance sources, many of which if they constitute in raw materials or archetypes for synthesis of new remedies.Item ESTUDO DA ARTE E AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE DE Lafoensia pacari (LYTHRACEAE)(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2013-05-09) Firmo, Wellyson da Cunha Araújo; OLEA, Roberto Sigfrido Gallegos; CPF:12580373861; OLEA, Roberto Sigfrido Gallegos; Borges, Marilene Oliveira da Rocha; CPF:22729860215; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3283574594616838Medicinal plants are elements that are part of biodiversity and are widely used since the dawn of civilization by various people in various ways. Currently, about 80% of the population uses resources of folk medicine to treat any disease, and knowledge of the techniques used and jobs are transmitted through generations and oral form. The species A. Lafoensia pacari St.-Hil., Is a tree species belonging to the family Lythraceae Brazilian cerrado, found in Bahia, Goiás and Maranhão. Popularly used for various medicinal purposes as gastric disorders and inflammation and is used externally as cicatrizant, known as "mangava-brava" or "dedaleiro". The present study aims to conduct a study of the art, and to determine the levels of flavonoids, phenols and phenolic acids and evaluate the antioxidant activity of L. pacari. A search for documents through national and international databases, Bireme; Google scholar; Portal CAPES; PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science, using as descriptors: Lafoensia pacari, mangava-brava and dedaleiro. The leaves of the plant were collected at Estreito-MA, and obtained the 70% hydroalcoholic extract and fractions by reagents hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Extract concentrations were determined phenols (Folin-Ciocalteau), flavonoids (reaction with aluminum chloride), phenolic acids (difference between the dosed quantities of phenols and flavonoids) and evaluation of the antioxidant activity by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hidrazila (DPPH). We selected 43 publications that addressed aspects botanical, ecological, chemical and pharmacological studies on the plant. The results showed that the crude extract (29.6% phenol), the ethyl acetate fraction (14.9% flavonoids) and methanol (14.2% phenolic acid) showed high levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity considerable methanol extract once the EC50 value was 19.69 μg/mL. These results characterize the L. pacari as raw material with natural antioxidant, this activity may be related to the presence of phenolic constituents. Note the importance of ethnopharmacology in encouraging scientific research to prove the veracity of the use of medicinal plants, plant reporting to L. pacari that some activities were confirmed in biological assays, demonstrating the pharmacological potential of this plant.Item ESTUDO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DA LEISHMANIOSE TEGUMENTAR AMERICANA NO MUNICÍPIO DE BURITICUPU, MARANHÃO, BRASIL, DE 2005 A 2010(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2011-10-31) Santos, Walma Fernanda Meireles; GONÇALVES, Eloisa da Graça do Rosário; CPF:95773282704; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2449592677614097Maranhão is one of the states with the highest occurrence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Thus, it should be the focus of studies related to this disease. This study was conducted in Buriticupu-MA, a city with higher incidence of leishmaniasis in the State. This work aimed to study epidemiological aspects of ATL in Buriticupu the period 2005 to 2010. Data collection was performed at the Center for Studies in Tropical Medicine of the Pre-Amazon UFMA, Meteorology Laboratory of the Center Geoenvironmental UEMA, the Department of the Unified Health System - DATASUS and capture of sandflies in areas with reported cases ACL with the CDC light traps. It found the diagnosis of 281 autochthonous cases of ATL in Buriticupu, of which 238 patients were aged 10 years or more, predominantly in individuals 20 to 29 years. Regarding gender, 86 were female and 195 male. Virtually all cases were diagnosed with the cutaneous form, with the direct parasitological examination detected 228 cases and 53 IDRM. The overall detection was classified in high and very high levels, ranging from 20,0 to 135,0 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. The registration of cases had a higher concentration in the months July to December, ie during the dry season with low rainfall and high temperature. We captured 377 specimens of sandflies, predominantly the species L. whitmani. The ACL was largely distributed in Buriticupu the period 2005 to 2010, reaching rural areas and urban areas, especially in the main access roads to the city, BR 222, the corridor leading to the train station and the borders with neighboring municipalities. It is believed that the precariousness of the health infrastructure in the municipality can be detected by providing a favorable environment for the development of the vector, creating conditions for humans becoming infected in the vicinity of their homes.