DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO - PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENERGIA E AMBIENTE

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    EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA EM INSTITUIÇÕES DA REDE FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL E TECNOLÓGICA: O CASO DO IFMA CAMPUS SÃO LUÍS / MONTE CASTELO
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014-01-31) Ribeiro Filho, Afonso Celso Sampaio; BEZERRA, Cícero Wellington Brito; CPF:31155910397; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1474300723265204
    It is already ancient the observation that the IFMA Campus São Luís / Monte Castelo has a high intake of electric power. This work aimed to evaluate if indeed the annual consumption of this institution is above average when compared with similar institutions. All the data were collected from January to December 2012 by manually measures performed on entire building and using the PowerNet P-600 Energy Analyzer in specific parts of the building. The results showed that indeed its annual consumption was more than double of other similar educational institutions. Thus, a simulation study of replacing appliances by more efficient models, measuring the amount of energy saved was carried out and also taking into account the time of operation. The results showed possible to save energy by this approach. Public managers who are responsible for the preparation and approval of projects, as well as technical responsible for purchasing of electrical equipment, were also considered in this work, because any efficiency program depends largely on the cooperation of this team. Even with the simulations results showing up in favor of implementation work energy efficiency, it was appointed out the necessity of the creation a long-term awareness program involving all the users, specially the students, wich can indirectly influence the whole society as knowledge multipliers.
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    MAPEAMENTO E ANÁLISE DE FALHAS NA MANUTENÇÃO DE CALDEIRAS: estudo no setor metalúrgico
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014-10-03) Carvalho, Mônica Jacyra da Silva; SOUZA, Leonardo Leocádio Coelho de; CPF:11100101000; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5699049219268606
    The metallurgical Alfa has three areas of operations: the Port, the Refinery and the Smelter. The intermediate area produces alumina using steam as an energy source. This comes from two High Pressure Boilers that operate together and are essential for the full operation of the process, so it is necessary make it reliable equipment. With this in mind, Alfa industry bases its operations management in a Own Business System adapted guidelines of the Toyota Production System (TPS) and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). So, this was seen as an opportunity for research, which was carried through the search for understanding of the Business System, the definition and understanding of the equipment, the realization of hiking equipment by a multidisciplinary team, with a survey of existing equipment failures, by mapping the current situation, identifying the losses associated with the faults previously raised by raising costs and monitoring focused on technical resolution and human reliability during maintenance activities, which were carried out to remedy or minimize failures, as described. Thusthere was a reduction in production losses around 3484.28 t SGA/year and 304.526,07 US$/year of 2011compared to the year 2012. And also proof that the boiler reaches 100% of their operational availability and yes, they can become confident with the implementation of continuous improvement.
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    AVALIAÇÃO DO MONITORAMENTO DE ÁGUAS COSTEIRAS NA BAÍA DE SÃO MARCOS EM SÃO LUIS, MARANHÃO.
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014-10-28) Sá, Joyse de Mesquita Lindoso de; FRANCO, Teresa Cristina R. dos Santos; CPF:24866164387; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6219897465386798; Soledade, Luiz Edmundo Bastos; CPF:45845698788; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0279948129445518
    The paper presents an assessment of physico-chemical monitoring data made for the waters in f São Marcos Bay, São Luis, Maranhão. Selected six (6) monitoring stations in São Marcos Bay, distributed during rainy and dry seasons and the ebb and flood tides, the year 2008-2013. The monitoring stations were selected to represent the San Marcos Bay, checking for the environmental situation and the effect by human activities in the region. The physical and chemical water quality parameters, pH, salinity, turbidity, transparency, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, sulfide, total lead, dissolved iron, manganese total and total nickel zinc were evaluated based on CONAMA 357/05. The analysis showed that it was a predominance of neutral waters, average pH ranging from 7.6 to 7.9 in the monitoring stations in São Marcos Bay. The average salinity calculated for stations has remained around 25. This rate characterized the environment as to brackish water. During the rainy season (April to July), the concentration of metals that showed violations of legal standards in all monitoring stations, with a higher occurrence near the industrial area. The behavior of these metals is associated with various physical and chemical factors and the various human activities that take place in the region under study. The other parameters the other parameters presented average had means within the limits established for this type of water. For this type of water. Considering the expanded uncertainties of the analytical methods, the parameters analyzed showed considerable probability that showed violations of legal standards in most of the monitoring stations, especially pH and Total Manganese parameter. The nickel total and total zinc parameters legal standards aren t exceeded. It is therefore the monitored environment has changed and is therefore needs to be evaluated more fully in future studies.
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    Avaliação dos resíduos do Porto do Itaqui: propostas para redução de impactos ambientais
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015-09-15) Araujo, Romeu Costa; FRANCO, Teresa Cristina R. dos Santos; 248.661.643-87
    This paper presents a general assessment of the waste generated in port areas, with reference to the port area of Itaqui in São Luís / MA. It is emphasized that the alignment in the environmental management of port activities in Brazil, specifically in the Port of Itaqui has become critical due to the increase of cargo handled volume in the port sector. The significant increase in cargo handling has resulted in a greater proportion of waste generation, appearing in a problematic for the environmental field. It points out that the wastes are directly related to the environmental impacts caused, affecting the local environment and the health of populations in transit and dwell in your surroundings. Based on these problems is aimed to carry out a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the waste generated in the area of the Port of Itaqui, in order to meet their environmental impacts and identify potential opportunities for improvement in their management. The methodology used was based on literature and document analysis based on a substantial body of legislation dealing with the issue, as well as with field research locus as the Port of Itaqui. The data collection instruments make site visits in organized area of the Port of Itaqui, where semi-structured interviews with technicians Coordination of Environment of EMAP and consultations on environmental legislation have been made, audits and procedures applied to the contractors responsible for allocation of the waste generated in this port area. Data collection for that search occurred during the year 2015, during which it was observed a direct relationship between the increase in cargo handling and waste generated, and much of this material can be recycled in this way can If significantly minimize environmental impacts. The results indicate a significant progress in the actions proposed by Waste Management Plan Solids and Liquids the Port of Itaqui. However improvement opportunities can be detected significant in the allocation of some waste. There is still opportunities for the control of wastewater and opportunities for improvement in their own systematization of Waste Management Plan Solid harbor.
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    Gerenciamento sustentável das cinzas da combustão de carvão mineral: um estudo de caso de uma termoelétrica em São Luís-MA
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017-04-25) Carvalho, Welkison Chaves; Vasconcelos, Nazaré do Socorro Lemos Silva; 330.173.102-30; NUNES, Gilvanda Silva; 278.288.533-53
    The fly ash is a by-product from the combustion of coal which when it is an adequate control of some non-desulphurization process variables, can result in minor impacts and reuse of ash. The objective of this work is to promote the treatment of the fly ash generated by the burning of coal from a thermoelectric plant and to study a proposal to manage this residue in a sustainable way, based on the economic, environmental and social aspects. Thus, the optimization of the desulphurization process was carried out, and afterwards the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the losses of the fire (unbaked), sulfite, mineralogical analysis and classification of the residue generated by the combustion and desulphurization of Mineral coals of different sulfur contents and studies of economic and environmental gain were also carried out. The results showed that after the optimization of some variables in the process of flue gas desulphurization, such as: concentration of calcium hydroxide solution in 10%, flow rate of calcium hydroxide solution in 3.0 m3/h, of virgin lime in the desulfurization system at 0.3 ton/h and the temperature of the exhaust gases in the absorber tower in the range of 80°C to 110 °C, fly ash formation showed acceptable parameters for sulfite content (<5 %) and loss in ignition (<6%); in addition, mineralogical analysis confirmed that light ash presents compositions mainly of silicon, aluminum and iron oxides, which characterizes them as pozzolanic materials qualified for use in the cement industry. The results of the economic gain studies showed reductions in disposal costs of this residue in the range of 18.5 higher than the revenue from the sale of this same residue, the results of environmental gain also showed a reduction of 24,740.30 tons of CO2 and a reduction in the consumption of raw water in the range of 59,376.72 m3, due to the reuse of the light ashes in the incorporation of the cement in the year of 2016. In addition to converging to the guidelines for compliance with the National Policy on Solid Waste.
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    USO DO HERBICIDA GLIFOSATO NAS LAVOURAS MARANHENSES: uma análise fundamentada na teoria da sociedade de risco.
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017-11-13) BARROS, Juliana Almeida; FRANÇA, Lucylea Gonçalves; 509.417.553-04; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1029074644752153; FRANÇA, Lucylea Gonçalves França; 509.417.553-04; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1029074644752153; FRANCO, Teresa Cristina Rodrigues dos Santos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6219897465386798; BENTO, Leonardo Valles; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0313302878628265
    The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze current society, from the point of view of the study of the theory of risk society developed by the sociologist Ulrick Beck. This theoretical framework allows us to reflect on the challenges that a global society of risks, where pesticides appear as one of the protagonists, imposes on society as a whole, with a special focus on Maranhão society, as well as on the environment, considering the scientific uncertainties about the future consequences that these products may cause. Such an analysis is relevant because of the contemporary environmental problems arising from the modernization process, which are capable of producing risks affecting the whole world. Among these risks that accompany technical-scientific development, there are those from agricultural activities, focusing on the worldwide emergence and spread of the herbicide glyphosate, which is currently one of the most used pesticides in the world and the most used in the Brazilian agriculture. This pesticide is the result of the most up-to-date technological innovations in relation to weed control. However, despite its large scale use, it is involved in a number of controversies regarding its impacts on human health and the environment, posing risks as such unpredictability arises. In addition, it is perceived that the predominance of the herbicide in Maranhão agriculture without the existence of public policies aimed at guaranteeing the right of information to the agricultural producer and the population in general, and the guarantee of the right to the environment ecologically balanced may result in actions of disrespect to the basic principles brought by the Federal Constitution, as it violates the right of citizens to decide, according to their most intimate feelings, whether to use this pesticide or not, and whether to choose foods treated with it or not, maintaining several producing sectors exposed to the risks and uncertainties that may cause serious consequences. The proposed study has a contribution to the academic, social and legal field, since the emergence of new technologies, such as agrochemicals, and more specifically glyphosate, lead to several issues involving economic, environmental, public health issues, among others, on which there are heated and provocative debates.
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    As compras públicas sustentáveis nas universidades federais brasileiras: um estudo com ênfase na Universidade Federal do Maranhão
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017-11-21) LOPES, Andrey Sales; CUNHA, Darliane Ribeiro; 672.861.514-87; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9993324017321694; SILVA, Fernando Carvalho; 148.075.133-20; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3470815419519342; MACIEL, Adeilton Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4957262830051547; CAVALCANTE, Kiany Sirley Brandão; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3810732989135120
    Sustainability involves social, economic and environmental aspects and is increasingly present in the daily life of society, considering the need to rationalize and optimize the use of resources in general. Public administration, whether in the federal, state or municipal spheres, has the duty to promote sustainable development in the country, based on public policies and management instruments, such as the sustainable public contracting program, instituted by the federal executive branch, which aims to the socio-environmental insertion in the biddings. In this work the sustainable bids were discussed, delimiting the purchases, approaching its concepts and characteristics, being based them by the existent legislation and standards that preach them. In this context, the objective of the study was to elucidate the scenario in which sustainable purchases are found in the universe of Brazilian Federal Universities. It was made a survey about the existence of sustainable logistics plans to enable a specific analysis of the content of the sustainable purchasing axis, as well as the approach of the theme in its institutional development plans. Thus, through weighting of the collected data, it was possible to parameterize for each Federal University, indicators for both types of documents, producing a general index on the institutional disclosure, denominated index of sustainability disclosure in the purchases. Next, a study of the sustainable purchasing processes was carried out in all the federal agencies of the executive power in the five years prior to this work, for the later analysis of the accomplishment of the same in the Federal Universities, particularizing them in state scope for the University Federal of Maranhão. It has been found that federal universities are responsible for a considerable share of sustainable purchases in relation to all federal agencies, but the amount is negligible in relation to total purchases in general. It has also been found that most Federal Universities have low levels of disclosure and execution of sustainable purchases and that there is a weak correlation between the stipulated indices and the values of purchases actually made in these, evidencing that the adoption of sustainable practices in purchases are still in the process of conception in the reality of these institutions.
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    GESTÃO DE RISCOS NAS CONCESSIONÁRIAS DE GÁS NO BRASIL: Uma análise da evidenciação de riscos nos relatórios anuais e financeiros das companhias.
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2018-12-10) BOTÃO, Rodrigo Pereira; CUTRIM, Sérgio Sampaio; 726.117.903-53; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3957285609994237; CUNHA, Darliane Ribeiro; 672.861.514-87; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9993324017321694; CUNHA, Darliane Ribeiro; 672.861.514-87; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9993324017321694; SINFRONIO, Francisco Sávio Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5984945942545807; PEREIRA, Newton Narciso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2964542703674339
    The objective of this study is to analyze the level of disclosure of the risk management of the state-owned companies that hold the natural gas distribution concession in Brazil, using the documental analysis methodology applied in the annual and financial reports disclosed by the companies, years ended in 2016 and 2017. During this same period, Law 13303/16, the new state responsibility law, was promulgated, which brought significant changes in the administrative and legal scope of these companies and increased the requirements regarding the level of transparency and control by these companies, making mandatory the implementation of risk management, governance and compliance programs. This risk analysis was based on the COSO model and considered seven different types of risks, based on similar risk classification studies carried out. Thus, this work was divided in two parts. The first part consists of documentary analysis of the amount of risks in the reports and the second part consists of the analysis of statistical correlation with explanatory variables. The results of the first part showed that the companies of the Northeast and Southeast regions presented the greatest number of risks evidenced and at the national level; the gas concessionaires concentrated their evidence on market, credit and legal risks. Regarding the level of adequacy of the new state law, the evidence presented was low and with a level of superficial detail about the programs and actions to be implemented. After that, in the second part of the work, there was performed the statistical correlation analysis from obtained data in comparison with relevant characteristics of these companies, such as volume of gas, number of segments that operate and the extension (km) of pipeline network. The results showed that the hypothesis of correlation between the level of risk disclosure and the characteristics of the state-owned companies was zero, and together the three variables can explain 49% of the variability of the quantitative risk, a result that mainly reflects the market structure in that these utilities are inserted and how they operate in the various segments. However, despite the importance of implementing risk management programs and the demands of the new law, the level of risk disclosure in the companies' reports is still very concentrated in the financial risks of the business and showed low adherence to the requirements of state law.
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    Análise da eficiência energética de um sistema automatizado de controle de iluminação e condicionadores de ar implantado no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Maranhão – IFMA – Campus Monte Castelo
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2018-12-21) COSTA, George Igor Cabral da; VASCONCELOS, Jomar Sales; 343594514-15; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0458150552186561; VASCONCELOS, Jomar Sales; 343594514-15; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0458150552186561; SINFRÔNIO, Francisco Sávio Mendes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5984945942545807; CORREA, Ronaldo Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1186761391389612
    This work analyzed the electric energy consumption of the Automation Pilot Project for the control of the activation and shutdown of the lighting and air conditioners, installed in the rooms of the Technical Course in Occupational Safety of the IFMA Campus Monte Castelo; as well as, to measure the reduction of the waste of electric energy in the hours in which they are not taking classes, by comparing the energy consumption with and without the automated control system in operation. From this comparison, the energy efficiency of the control system was verified, as well as the quality of the electric power offered to the air conditioner and if the quality of the energy influences the increase of the consumption of the circuit. It was verified through the measurements that the quality of the energy offered to the room air conditioner's power circuit is within the standards required by the standard, not influencing the increase of the energy consumption. It was verified by the measurements that the energy consumption is less with the use of the automated system of control than with the manual system of activation and shutdown of illumination and air conditioner. In addition, it was concluded that, with the percentage of reduction of energy wastage obtained with the automated system of control of illumination and air conditioners in IFMA classrooms, it justifies the expenses with its implantation, besides showing that the automation of the control processes is a viable alternative for the reduction of the consumption of electric energy, and, consequently, contributing in the reduction of the environmental impacts provoked by the processes of generation of electric energy.
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    Simulação do limiar de percolação elétrico de células orgânicas de polímero/nanotubos de carbono para aplicação em células fotovoltáicas
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2020-09-25) PINTO JÚNIOR , Jonas Vicente; COELHO, Paulo Henrique da Silva Leite; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6597430849631821; COELHO, Paulo Henrique da Silva Leite; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6597430849631821; FIGUEROA, Jáiver Efren Jáimes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6516022083058455; ARMELLINI, Antonio de Deus; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0625806017202764
    In the extent of new technologies for the use of renewable energy, photovoltaic systems are in increasing application. Thus, new materials have been explored and research has been done to advance photovoltaic technology. The latest representative of this technology are the organic cells, which are in the research and development, testing and small-scale production phase, yet have shown semiconductor potential, resulting in the responsibility of acting on light absorption, generation, separation and transport of charges. A portion of these devices are produced by mixing a conductive polymer and a fullerene derivative, mainly at the nanometer scale. Carbon nanotube conductive polymer nanocomposites have a high potential for this application where conductivity and low specific weight are required. However, the high cost of these loads impairs a thorough research of the process conditions and the study of electrical percolation, which is a decisive condition in the transformation of insulating polymer into semiconductor. In this scope, the modeling and simulation of this threshold play a very important role in the development of this field of study, besides propelling the idealization of this research, in which a study of the electrical percolation of nanocomposites made up of matrix-dispersed carbon nanotubes was performed. This research was simulated through a Monte Carlo program and supported by the excluded volume model for two - dimensional and three - dimensional matrix systems. The percolation threshold was analyzed for different aspect ratios, volume fractions and conductive load geometries. After the simulations, it was shown that the percolation threshold decreased as the aspect ratio increased.
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    O desafio do descarte futuro dos resíduos de sistemas fotovoltaicos no Brasil
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2021-12-15) SOUSA, Nelson Monteiro de; FRANÇA, Lucylea Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1029074644752153; OLIVEIRA, Clóvis Bôsco Mendonça; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1539316397090000; OLIVEIRA, Clóvis Bôsco Mendonça; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1539316397090000; FRANÇA, Lucylea Gonçalves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1029074644752153; CUNHA, Darliane Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9993324017321694; COSTA, Ivanilson Sousa da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7888956991996046
    The content presented in this work fundamentally reports the issue of future generation of waste from photovoltaic systems implemented in Brazil and the necessary measures to mitigate the potential impacts caused by inadequate disposal of generated waste, as well as to take advantage of the opportunities generated. The work, basically, establishes a correlation between energy and environment, focused on the issue of electric energy generation from photovoltaic solar sources. The content was built based on existing bibliography in reports of associations and institutes of the energy sector, according to studies reported by EPE (2020), EIA (2019) and IRENA (2021), which shows the evolution of photovoltaic solar energy in Brazil and in the world; articles related to dealing with the issue of waste generated by electronic equipment, according to the work presented by Forti et al. (2020); and scientific papers that report the current normative situation of electronic waste in the world, according to the works presented by Sharma (2019), Parujuly et al. (2019) and Yue (2014). As a result, it is shown that in Brazil, although there is a legal provision for partial treatment of the problem, the issue deserves further details and discussion, since the future perspective presents large numbers, both in terms of challenges and opportunities. Even though there is a time lag between the acquisition of the system and its disposal, it is essential for the country to reflect, debate and prepare to face the future problem of the disposal of waste from electricity generation systems from photovoltaic sources, and from this way contribute to the maintenance of a sustainable vision of photovoltaic solar energy as an energy source.
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    A evidenciação dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável: um estudo nos portos e terminais portuários brasileiros
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2023-12-21) DINIZ, Natália Viana; PORTE, Marcelo de Santana; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8937619771449775; CUNHA, Darliane Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9993324017321694; CUNHA, Darliane Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9993324017321694; OLIVEIRA, Clóvis Bôsco Mendonça; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1539316397090000; PEREIRA, Newton Narciso; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2964542703674339
    The aim of this study was to analyze the disclosure of the Sustainable Development Goals in the reports published by the Brazilian ports and port terminals with the highest cargo throughput. This is an exploratory and descriptive study, which initially identified the Brazilian ports and port terminals with the highest cargo throughput and the publication of non-financial reports by the port authorities and the companies that own the port terminals. This was followed by a qualitative analysis, through a systematic literature review, of the SDGs most addressed by the port sector and the maritime industry in the scientific literature, as well as a quantitative analysis of publication trends, based on a bibliometric study. Finally, a content analysis was carried out of the integrated and annual sustainability reports published by the selected ports and port terminals, to identify the main sustainable practices aligned with SDG 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure), 13 (action against global climate change) and 14 (life on the water). The results of the study highlighted the direction of the Brazilian port sector in developing sustainable mechanisms mediated by technologies such as radars and cameras, as well as encouraging investment in research and development, reinforcing the commitment to SDG 9. Likewise, initiatives that promote the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, more efficient operations and that help with the energy transition were highlighted, as well as the sector's commitment to SDG 13. However, a small number of practices focused on SDG 14, related to life on the water, were observed, even though this SDG is one of the most aligned with the port's core business, with monitoring programs standing out. It is concluded that the results of this research provide the main sustainable practices aligned with SDGs 9, 13 and 14 applied by Brazilian ports and port terminals, fostering the debate on port sustainability and reinforcing the importance of applying the SDGs as an instrument for achieving an economically and socially sustainable society.