DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO - PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA ANIMAL

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    Digestibilidade de alimentos de origem vegetal para tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2023-09-08) COSTA, Beatriz da Silva; NASCIMENTO, Daphinne Cardoso Nagib do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2856698881351233; BOMFIM, Marcos Antonio Delmondes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2299520175860743; BOMFIM, Marcos Antonio Delmondes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2299520175860743; NASCIMENTO, Daphinne Cardoso Nagib do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2856698881351233; RIBEIRO, Felipe Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5843372571035012; TAKISHITA, Sylvia Sanae; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9701300982800144
    The objective was to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein, gross energy and total phosphorus of protein concentrated foods: soybean bran, toasted whole soybeans, babassu bran and energy concentrates: corn, wheat bran, brown rice bran, grits of rice and whole cassava zest for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and Nile tilapia (Orchromis niloticus). 72 specimens of tilapia and 72 specimens of tambaqui were used with an average initial weight of 198.15 ± 3.11 grams, distributed in a factorial scheme consisting of 16 treatments (2 species x 8 foods) and three replications. The indirect method of feces collection was used by decantation and chromium oxide (Cr2O3) as an inert indicator added to the test diet (70% of reference diet + 30% of the evaluated food) at a concentration of 0.1 For both species, the highest apparent digestibility coefficients for crude protein (CDAPB), gross energy (CDAEB) and total phosphorus (CDAFT) were obtained with soybean bran (93.66%), whole cassava zest (84.38%) and whole cassava zest (85.40%), respectively. For both species, the lowest apparent digestibility coefficients for crude protein (CDAPB), gross energy (CDAEB) and total phosphorus (CDAFT) were obtained with brown rice bran (78.37%), babassu bran (28.60%) and brown rice bran (16.00%), respectively.The foods present similar CDAPB and CDAEB in both species, with the exception of brown rice bran. The foods present similar CDAFT only in brown rice bran, whole cassava zest and toasted whole soybeans.
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    Efeito da adição da borra de babaçu na dieta de ovinos em terminação sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos do conteúdo abomasal e estimativa da biohidrogenação ruminal
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2022-05-05) SANTOS, Gabriela Oliveira dos; PARENTE, Henrique Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8336639598192811; PARENTE, Michelle de Oliveira Maia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8658473469051383; PARENTE, Michelle de Oliveira Maia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8658473469051383; FERREIRA, Daniele de Jesus; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3831916103384790; PARENTE, Henrique Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8336639598192811; OLIVEIRA, Juliana Silva de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5658789208591676
    The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of babassu lees in the diet of finishing sheep on the fatty acid profile of the abomasal content and the estimate of rumen biohydrogenation. Four experimental diets with increasing levels of addition of babassu BB lees (0, 5, 10 and 15%) of dry matter (DM) were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, considering the initial weight as a covariate, with four treatments and seven replications. Twenty-eight crossbred, castrated sheep (24.66 ± 4.06 kg of initial weight and 60 ± 15 days of mean age) were confined for a period of 60 days. Then, the animals were slaughtered and one sample of abomasal digesta per animal was collected, lyophilized and vacuum-packed for later determination of fatty acids. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and when significant, polynomial contrasts were evaluated to determine linear and quadratic effects of different treatment levels. Effects were considered significant when P < 0.05 and considered a trend when P < 0.10. The addition of increasing levels of babassu sludge linearly increased the consumption of dry matter (P = 0.003) and fatty acids (P < 0.001) capric (10:0), lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0) , palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0) and for total fatty acids (FA). Oleic acid consumption (c9-18:1) also increased linearly (P= 0.011), however, its concentration in the abomasum did not differ (P > 0.05) with the addition of increasing levels of babassu sludge in the diet. No effect (P > 0.05) was observed for linoleic (18:2 n-6) and linolenic (18:3 n-3) fatty acids on abomasal content. The concentration of stearic acid (18:0, end product of biohydrogenation) in the abomasum content tended to decrease linearly (P < 0.10), which is related to the lower biohydrogenation of the 18:2 n-6 (P = 0.038) and complete biohydrogenation (P = 0.002) with the addition of increasing levels of babassu sludge in the sheep diet. The inclusion of babassu sludge at the level of 15% in the diet reduced the complete ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids, which may result in a higher concentration of intermediate acids from biohydrogenation in products originating from ruminants (meat or milk).
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    CARACTERÍSTICAS DE CARCAÇA DE OVINOS DAS RAÇAS SANTA INÊS E RABO LARGO SUBMETIDOS A DIETAS COM DIFERENTES PROPORÇÕES DE CONCENTRADO
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2020-02-17) LIMA, Hyanne Costa; PARENTE, Michelle de Oliveira Maia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8658473469051383; MOREIRA FILHO, Miguel Arcanjo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5147583393205344; MOREIRA FILHO, Miguel Arcanjo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5147583393205344; PARENTE, Michelle de Oliveira Maia; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8658473469051383; FEREIRA, Daniele de Jesus; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3831916103384790; ALVES, Arnaud Azevêdo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5350003744500611
    The objective was to evaluate as quantitative characteristics, morphometric measurements, scores, technical composition and non-carcass components of lambs fed diets that include high or low concentrate proportions. Thirty-eight non-castrated males with a defined racial pattern were used: 19 Rabo Largo (16.68 kg ± 2.78 kg) and 19 Santa Inês (19.29 kg ± 3.28kg) animals. The treatments consisted of two diets, one of high concentrate (70%) and one of low concentrate (30%), with two sheep genotypes (Santa Inês and Rabo Largo), totaling four treatments. The design was in incomplete randomized blocks, in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (two genotypes x two diets) and 10 repetitions per treatment. The experimental period lasted 52 days, being nine days of adaptation of animals to facilities, diets and management and 43 days for data collection. After the experimental period, the animals were fasted for solids for 16 hours and then slaughtered. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance (F test) and the Tukey test with a 5% significance level was used to compare the means. For carcass parameters it was observed effect (P < 0.05) of diet and genotype for slaughter live weight, empty body weight, warm carcass weight, cold carcass weight and loin eye area, in which animals fed a diet containing high concentrate and Santa Inês breed presented the highest weights. The weights of the cuts: palette, rib leg and loin showed significant differences (P <0.05) for diet and genotype, with higher weights for Santa Inês lambs and for diets with high concentrate. Genotype and diet influenced (P < 0.05) the weights of the kidneys, rumen, small and large intestine, as well as the weights and yields of the spleen and liver. The size of the liver and spleen increased when the animals were fed a high concentrate diet, with Santa Inês sheep presenting higher weight in these organs. Effect (P <0.05) of interaction (genotypes x diets) on reticulum weight and yield was observed. The weight of the reticulum was lower (P <0.05) for Rabo Largo lambs fed a low concentrate diet, however, for this parameter, the value was similar to those obtained for Santa Inês sheep, regardless of the diet offered. The morphometric evaluations: croup perimeter, chest width, leg perimeter and chest depth were influenced (P < 0.05) by the high concentrate diet in favor of its higher energy level, indicating that this diet provided higher tissue deposition in relation to low concentrate diet. For tissue composition, diets and genotypes influenced (P < 0.05) the percentages of total fat and the muscle: bone and muscle: fat ratio. High concentrate diets provide higher carcass, cuts, viscera and fat weights in Santa Inês and Rabo Largo lambs. The use of the Santa Inês breed in confinement provides an increase in the weight of the carcasses, which presents greater weight of loin and leg, with greater muscle and muscle: fat ratio. Rabo Largo lambs have carcasses with greater fat deposition.
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    Exigência de valina digestível em dietas para tambaqui com diferentes pesos corporais
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2021-05-06) SILVA, Jakeline Veras da; SIQUEIRA, Jefferson Costa de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4687881890546356; RIBEIRO, Felipe Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5843372571035012; RIBEIRO, Felipe Barbosa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5843372571035012; NASCIMENTO, Daphinne Cardoso Nagib do; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2856698881351233; BOMFIM, Marcos Antonio Delmondes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2299520175860743
    Valine is an essential amino acid belonging to the group of branched chain amino acids along with leucine and isoleucine and has physiological functions such as regulation of translation and initiation of protein synthesis. The tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) stands out as the main native species most produced in the country, but information on valine requirements is still lacking. The objective was to determine the digestible valine requirements for tambaqui with different body weights. 720 tambaquis were used in two experiments, one with 360 fish with an initial body weight of 33.28±0.19g and the other with 360 fish with an initial weight of 121.19±1.29g. Both experiments were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design (DIC), consisting of five treatments, four replicates and 15 fish per experimental unit, and lasted for 50 days. The treatments consisted of five experimental diets with levels of 0.50; 0.70; 0.90; 1.10 and 1.30% digestible valine. The fish were kept in polyethylene boxes equipped with water supply and individual aeration, and fed freely for six meals a day. Performance parameters, body composition, daily protein, fat and body ash deposition rates and body nitrogen retention efficiency were evaluated. Feed intake did not change and digestible valine intake increased linearly as a function of the increase in valine levels in both experiments. For the weight gain and specific growth rate, a linear increase was observed for the body weight of 33g and a quadratic effect for the body weight of 121g, increasing this variable to 0.92 and 0.94% valine levels digestible, respectively. Feed conversion showed a quadratic effect for both body weights, reducing the value of this variable to the level of 1.17 and 0.93%, respectively. Dry matter, moisture and ash contents were not affected by treatments for body weight of 33g and had a linear effect for dry matter and moisture for animals with body weight of 121g. The levels of protein and body fat had a quadratic effect with an estimated level of 1.07 and 0.90%, and 1.07 and 0.10% of digestible valine for animals with body weights of 33 and 121g, respectively. For 33g animals there was a quadratic increase for the variables body protein deposition, body fat deposition and nitrogen retention efficiency up to levels estimated at 1.19, 0.94 and 0.94% of digestible valine, respectively. For 121g animals there was a quadratic increase for body protein deposition and nitrogen retention efficiency up to levels estimated at 0.91 and 0.82% of digestible valine, respectively. It is concluded that the dietary digestible valine requirement for tambaqui with a body weight of 33 g to 83 g is estimated at 1.19% and for tambaqui with a body weight of 121g to 277 g is 0.91%, as it provides greater deposition of body protein.
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    Atividade anticoccidicida de produtos naturais contra eimeria de caprinos
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2019-08-30) MORAES, Elinalva da Silva; CUNHA, Ivo Alexandre Leme da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9943494523424464; CUNHA, Ivo Alexandre Leme da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9943494523424464; TEIXEIRA, Claudener Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0728801046272432; BRITO, Samuel Vieira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2971137215887065
    Eimeriosis or coccidiosis is a frequent goat disease caused by protozoa of the genre Eimeria, responsible for significant economic losses in goat production. The control is performed with chemotherapeutic agents, which can leave residues in meat and milk and which can induce the resistance of the parasite. In this sense, the use of natural plant products can become an alternative for the control of Eimeria. The effect of the essential oils of Lippia gracilis and lectins has been shown in several studies applied to animal production, however, their effects on Eimeria are still little known. Considering the need for the development of technologies for animal health management using the native flora of the region, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of L. gracilis, monoterpenes and lectin isolated from Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr) essential oil on Eimeria de goat Different concentrations of essential oil of L. gracilis and monoterpenes carvacrol, p-Cimeno and γ-Terpineno were analyzed for viability of Eimeria spp. oocysts and a study was performed to analyze the viability of E. arloingi sporozoites under ConBr lectin action. The analyzes showed that L. gracilis essential oil genotype 201 presented LC50 of 4.56 mg/mL against oocysts and genotypes 108 and 109 destroyed 44.3% and 34.8% of oocysts when submitted to 10 mg/mL. Inhibition of oocyst sporulation by carvacrol was observed at an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.42 mg/mL (95% CI 0.35-0.50; R2 0.97) and oocyst destruction resulted in lethal concentration (LC50) 0.963 mg/mL (95% LC 0.87-1.07; R2 0.97), with increased destruction of oocysts to a concentration of 7.0 mg/mL with 9.92% viable oocysts. The p-Cimeno and γ-Terpineno monoterpenes were not effective when analyzed separately. C. brasiliensis lectin protein had a lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.167 mg / mL (95% LC 0.10-0.27; R2 0.67) for E. arloingi sporozoites. The present work is the first one using L. gracilis essential oil, monoterpenes and C. brasiliensis lectin (ConBr) on Eimeria oocysts and sporozoites isolated from small ruminants in destruction, inhibition of oocyst sporulation and inhibition of viability of E. arloingi sporozoites.
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    Desempenho agronômico e digestibilidade ruminal de variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas sob irrigação suplementar
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2020-02-17) LIMA , Allana Tereza Mesquita de; SILVA, Zinaldo Firmino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7912969106510668; SILVA, Zinaldo Firmino da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7912969106510668; MOREIRA FILHO, Miguel Arcanjo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5147583393205344; OLIVEIRA, Leonardo Bernardes Taverny de
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics, chemical composition and ruminal digestibility in situ of eight varieties of sugarcane (CV-4, RB041443, RB-855035, RB-867515, RB-92579, RB-931011, RB -951541 and RB-962962) grown under supplementary irrigation, with a view to feeding dairy cattle. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with eight treatments and three replications, totaling 24 experimental plots. Biometric analyzes were performed 360 days after planting and 360 days after cutting, where the following were evaluated: stem length (CC), stem diameter (DC), number of green leaves (NFV) and leaf area (AF). The productivity in tons of stalks per hectare (TCH) and the concentration of soluble sugars in ºbrix were evaluated in cane-plant and cane-soca1. Stem samples of each variety were crushed and pre-dried in an oven to determine their chemical composition: dry matter (MS), mineral matter (MM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA) and lignin (Lig). For the evaluation of ruminal digestibility in situ in 24h of DM and NDF, three Girolando cows, cannulated in the rumen, with an average weight of 510 ± 20 kg were used. Samples containing 5 g of pre-dry stem material and the entire plant of the cane-plant were weighed in bags of non-woven fabric (TNT) and incubated in the rumen of the animals. The ruminal digestibility of DM was calculated with the disappearance of DM in 24 hours of incubation, in proportion to the DM originally incubated and the DM residue after 72h of incubation (RES 72h). The data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test and the means compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability, using the InfoStat 12.0 statistical software. The TCH of cane-plant did not show any difference between the varieties, with an average of 104.20 t ha -1 of stalks. There was no difference between the genotypes for the TCH of the cane, with an average of 155.8 t ha -1. There was no difference between varieties in terms of the average values of the stem stem bromatology, MS (27.34%), MM (1.52%), NDF (40.62%), FDA (22.28%) and LIG (3 , 50%). The chemical composition of sugarcane in whole plant showed differences (P <0.05) between varieties, in terms of DM (27.03%), MM (1.91%), NDF (39.59%), FDA (27.95%) and LIG (4.38%). The DEG MS after 24 hours of incubation for the whole stem parts was not different between the varieties, with an average of 46.20%, for the whole plant component there was a statistical difference (P <0.05) and the variety with superior performance was a RB92579 (65%) and the lowest performance was obtained by the varieties RB931011 (50%) and RB951541 (50.33%). The values of DEG NDF for whole stem ranged from 18.23 to 25.33% with an average of 21.25%, whereas for the whole plant variable from 18.6 to 24.3% with an average of 20.7%, in both the sugarcane parts the DEG FDN did not present statistical difference. Under supplementary irrigation, the eight sugarcane genotypes showed similarity in stalk productivity, brix values and ruminal digestibility in situ 24h of DM and NDF in plant cane.
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    CARACTERÍSTICAS PRODUTIVAS E VALOR NUTRICIONAL DE VARIEDADES DE LEGUMINOSAS EM FUNÇÃO DA ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA.
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2019-06-13) ALMEIDA, Nádylla Dannuse Rodrigues de; ZANINE, Anderson de Moura; 80048889172; http://lattes.cnpq.br/750396695968257; FERREIRA, Daniele de Jesus; 08109162746; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3831916103384790; FERREIRA, Daniele de Jesus; 08109162746; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3831916103384790; ZANINE, Anderson de Moura; 80048889172; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7503966959682579; PARENTE, Henrique Nunes; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8336639598192811; LIMA, Anny Graycy Vasconcelos de Oliveira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4360154154241837
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilization on root and shoot dry matter production, morphological composition, quantify number of nodules and evaluate the chemical composition of three crotalaria cultivars (Crotalária juncea, Crotalária spectabilis e Crotalária ochroleuca) e o feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan). The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Maranhão in a greenhouse using pots with 6 dm³ of soil and with irrigation monitored. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with four doses of phosphate fertilization (0, 100, 200, 300 kg / ha P2O5) and four legume cultivars (Crotalaria juncea, spectabilis, ochroleuca and feijão guandu), with four replicates, totaling 64 vessels. There was positive linear effect for leaf dry matter production, stem dry matter yield and total dry matter production. The highest values of leaf dry matter production occurred for Crotalaria spectabilis, with an average yield of over 2000 kg when compared to the other species analyzed. Crotalaria spectabilis showed lower stem production (2071.61 kg/ha) and, consequently, a higher leaf: stem ratio (2.38). The highest dry matter yield of the stem (6878.45 kg / ha) was observed for Crotalaria juncea, compared to the other legumes, this species presented an average yield of more than 3000 kg/ha of stem when compared to the other legumes studied. There was a positive linear effect for root length where the highest level of phosphorus provided greater root length. The greater number of nodules occurred in Crotalaria spectabilis. The highest levels of neutral detergent fiber in the leaf were observed for Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria ochroleuca and feijão guandu. The lowest levels of neutral detergent fiber of the stem, acid detergent fiber of the leaf and the acid detergent fiber of the stem, 74.43; 31.94 and 64.35%, were observed in Crotalaria spectabilis, respectively. There was an increasing linear effect for crude protein contents of the leaf, only for Crotalaria juncea and feijão guandu. Therefore, phosphate fertilization achieved higher fertilization efficiency at the dose of 100 kg/ha. The addition of phosphorus promoted better results as a function of the four legumes studied.
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    Óleo de buriti e babaçu na composição da dieta de ovinos
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2018-02-26) GOMES, Ruan Mourão da Silva; PARENTE, Henrique Nunes; 857882873-91; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8336639598192811; PAREDE, Henrique Nunes; 857882873-91; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8336639598192811; ZANINE, Anderson de Moura; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7503966959682579; PINHO, Ricardo Martins Araújo; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6309368085691026
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry matter and nutrients digestibility of the diets, as well as to determine the ruminal parameters, in confined lambs submitted to diets containing buriti and babassu oil. 21 castrated sheep, ½ Santa Inês x ½ Dorper, with an approximate age of 6 months and average live weight of 26±4 kg were used. The animals were distributed in unbalanced blocks, with three treatments and seven replicates, being four blocks, three with two replicates of each treatment and one block with one repetition. The experimental period was constituted of 17 days for adaptation and 4 for data collection, totaling 21 days. The collection of feces was done using individual collection bags, and on the last day of the experimental period the ruminal fluid was collected with the aid of a vacuum pump and a probe. Addition of burti and babassu oil in the confined lambs diet altered the dry matter intake (P= 0.03), being the highest consumption for diet without addition of oils (998.82 g/day), followed by diet containing buriti oil (872.62 g/day). Intake and digestibility of the ethereal extract were altered (P = 0.03) by the addition of oils to the diets. Higher intake was observed in the diets with oils (52.82 g/day) for babassu oil and (60.59 g/day) for buriti oil. The digestibility of ethereal extract was higher in the diet containing babassu oil (80.92%) compared to buriti oil (73.21%). In relation to the ruminal parameters, it was possible to observe effect of the experimental diets only for pH, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate and relation to cetate: propionate. The addition of buriti and babassu oil in the sheep diet affects dry matter intake, however, it does not alter nutrient digestibility and ruminal parameters. Based on this, the indication of use is associated with the performance results, acquisition costs and quality aggregation to the final product.
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    POTENCIAL FORRAGEIRO E PERDAS DE N NA CULTURA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR EM FUNÇÃO DA ADUBAÇÃO ORGÂNICA E MINERAL.
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2018-02-28) SILVA, Taise Borges Facundes; RODRIGUES, Rosane Claúdia; 643.615.601-10; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7831840285116499; SHIGAKI, Francirose; 035.392.127-01; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2430140773644443; SHIGAKI, Francirose; 035.392.127-01; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2430140773644443; RODRIGUES, Rosane Claúdia; 643.615.601-10; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7831840285116499; RIBEIRO, Ana Paula de Jesus; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9686746941410474
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic fertilization on the mitigation of N-NH3 volatilization, and on the increase of chemical composition and yield of sugarcane forage. The varieties used were RB 92579, RB 867515 and RB 863129 fertilized with application of nitrogen sources: urea, chicken litter, swine waste (in the dose of 100 kg N ha -1 ). For the analysis of productivity and other parameters were collected plant material in each treatment. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA), Brix and NDF/Brix ratios were determined. A fistulated wave was used to determine the in situ degradability and, subsequently, the potential degradation of the DM, with incubation periods of 6; 24 and 72 hours (h). For the quantification of losses of N by volatilization, collecting chambers of the SALE type were installed, and for this evaluation only the variety RB 92579 was selected, since it presented higher productivity, lower NDF content and greater potential degradation of DM. The N-NH3 absorption systems were replaced at different time intervals: 24, 48, 72, 96, 144, 216 and 360h after nitrogen fertilization. There was no interaction (P> 0.05) between sources of nitrogen fertilization and varieties for shoot yield and Brix content. There was effect of the variety for MS, where RB 863129, obtained higher content. There was interaction between variety and treatment for PB (P <0.05), where the swine manure concentrated a higher CP content in the variety RB 92579. The interaction was significant for NDF, where RB 863129 obtained higher fiber content for control, urea and chicken bed treatments. The potential degradability of the DM showed an effect (P <0.05) for the variety, source and time, where the variety RB 92579 and the urea and chicken litter treatments presented greater potential degradation of the DM at 72 hours of incubation. Higher losses of N-NH3 were obtained by treatments with urea and chicken litter, observing greater loss intensity until 48 h after fertilization. There was no difference in N losses for treatments with swine and control (P> 0.05). The management of organic fertilizers had similar effects to the mineral fertilization in the chemical-nutritional attributes of sugarcane, and could replace the mineral fertilization. The use of organic fertilizers presented lower losses of N-NH3 in the volatilization process when compared to the mineral source of N. In general, the variety RB 92579 met the criteria for animal feed better.
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    Ação de protease do látex de Ficus benjamina L. sobre nematôdeo e bactérias de interesse na produção animal
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016-12-21) WANDERLEY, Lêdia Feitosa; SOARES, Alexandra Martins dos Santos; 055.002.787-46
    Helminthes and bacterial infections are a major challenge for livestock production because they cause loss of productivity in herds. To reduce losses, producers control parasites and bacteria mainly using synthetic chemicals, but the resistance to the active principles of these products calls for the continuous search for biologically active molecules. This research was conducted with the objective of obtaining protein fractions and protease from the latex of Ficus benjamina, in addition to evaluating the potential use of these protein samples in the control of the parasite nematode of small ruminants, Haemonchus contortus, as well as on the pathogenic bacteria Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes. Latex was obtained from an incision made at the apex of the plant limb and collected in sodium phosphate buffer (75 mM, pH 7.0). The latex was centrifuged (12,000 x g at 4 ° C for 15 min), dialysed against water (14 kDa cut-off), again centrifuged under the same conditions as before and then referred to as EPL (Latex Protein Extract). The EPL was fractionated with ammonium sulphate at 30-60% and 60-90% saturation to obtain the fractions denominated F30-60 and F60-90, respectively. F60-90 was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography on CM-Cellulose matrix and the fraction with the highest proteolytic activity obtained was denominated FbP (Ficus benjamina Protease). With these fractions, protein analysis, proteolytic activity and FbP identification were carried out. In addition, inhibition of larval development of the nematode H. contortus and inhibition of the growth of S. enterica, S. aureus and E. aerogenes in a liquid medium were carried out. The total protein levels obtained were, respectively, 121.5, 21.2, 75.7 mg for EPL, F30-60 and F60-90. The proteolytic activity of the protein samples was 43,471, 13,245 and 57,857 UA/mL/mgP for EPL, F30-60 and F60-90, respectively. The FbP presented proteolytic activity of 36,393.8 AU/mL/mgP. Gel analysis showed FbP with a protein band with mass between 20 and 30 kDa and by mass spectrometry the FbP was identified as cysteine protease, with a molecular weight of 23.97 kDa. FbP maintained stable proteolytic activity in the pH range between 6 and 10 and over a wide temperature range, with optimum activity at 60 °C. In tests for inhibition of larval development, EPL, F30-60, F60-90 and FbP presented IC50 of 0.22, 1.38, 0.42 and 0.26 mg/mL, respectively. It was verified that EPL, F30-60 and F60-90 did not exert an inhibitory action on the growth of bacteria, but FbP inhibited the growth of S. aureus and S. enterica with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.12 μg/mL. It is concluded that FbP obtained from latex of F. benjamina has promising biological properties for the development of products that can be used in the control of the gastrointestinal nematode, H. contortus, and the pathogenic bacteria S. aureus and S. enterica.
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    Valor nutricional do farelo de arroz integral para frangos de corte de crescimento lento
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014-03-27) GASPARINI, Sandra Paula; BOMFIM, Marcos Antonio Delmondes; 376.269.303-04; RIBEIRO, Felipe Barbosa; 014.466.106-32
    Two experiments to determine the metabolizable energy in different ages and true digestibility of amino acids of rice bran (RB), broiler slow growth were performed. In the first experiment, 352 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replicates of eight or six birds per experimental unit as experimental age. The RB replaced 40% references diets formulated for three age groups (1-30, 31-60 and 61-90 days). The method used was the total collection and 1.0% iron oxide was used as a fecal marker. In the second experiment, 168 birds at 41 days of age fed a diet free of protein (DFP) and formulated with 55% of RB as the sole source of dietary crude protein and amino acids were used. All birds were killed by cervical dislocation and open the abdominal cavity to collect the contents at the terminal ileum portion. The samples were sent for amino acid analysis using HPLC. Was used 0.5% of chromic oxide as a marker for determining the digestibility of amino acids of the RB and the endogenous excretion of amino acids. The mineral content of the RB, with a value of 3.94%, below those content presented in the literature. The apparent metabolizable energy, true and true corrected for nitrogen balance, found for the RB in birds 70-79 days of age (2,801, 3,002 and 2,394 kcal / kg, respectively), statistically different (P <0.05) from values obtained with birds 40-49 days (2,415, 2,566 and 2,427 kcal / kg, respectively) and birds 10-19 days of age (2,131, 2,266 and 2,214 kcal / kg, respectively). The coefficients of apparent metabolism of dry matter (CMADM), with values of 65.80% (70 to 79 days), 59.20% (40 to 49 days) and 53.10% (10 to 19 days of age), statistically different (P <0.05). The coefficient of real gross energy metabolization corrected for nitrogen balance (CMVGEn), found in birds 70-79 days (56.40%), statistically different (P <0.05) of the value found in poultry 10 to 19 days of age (49.10%). Thus, in the formulation of rations, should be considered the differences in energy values of RB for young and adult birds, because the digestibility of dry matter and gross energy, increases with age. The average true digestibility of amino acids of the RB was 79.5%, as fed, where the methionine had the lowest coefficient of true digestibility, with a value of 78.12% and the highest arginine, with a value of 82.10 %. The true digestible values were 0.51% for lysine, 0.18% for methionine, 0.41% for methionine + cystine, 0.39% for threonine and 0.52% for valine.
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    Qualidade do tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) armazenado em gelo: métodos sensoriais, físico-químicos e microbiológicos
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014-03-26) SILVA, Márcio Luís Pontes Bernardo de; FOGAÇA, Fabíola Helena dos Santos; 287.386.888-08; LOPES, Jane Mello; 520.526.990-15
    This study aimed to develop a scheme based on the Quality Index Method (QIM) to tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) raw stored in ice that determines its shelf life. It was studied 96 specimens of tambaqui captured with fishing net and slaughtered (killed) by hypothermia in ice and water , it was packed in ice boxes and kept on ice in a 1:1 (Kg fish/ice) ratio at a controlled temperature of 0 ± 1 ° C for 24 days. Fishes were evaluated at time 01 , 03 , 05 , 08 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 22 , 24 day of ice storage. After sensory, physical-chemistry and microbiological analyses the developed scheme presented 04 quality attributes with a total of 30 points. The pH showed little variation from 6.52 to 6.71, from the beginning to end of the experiment. The average content of BVT changed from 15.23 mg N.100g- 1 to 23.17 mg N.100g- 1 and it did not reach the amount considered unsafe for consumption. Mesophilic, and Psicotrophic bacteria remained with their values below log 106. The experiments with Pseudomonas and Enterobacterias showed their values below the limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) that is log 107, and it was demonstrated by producer bacteria H2S a growth of values reduced throughout the experiment. Then the method proved to be efficient to assess the loss of sensory quality related to the length of time in storage and it indicated an expiration date of 22 days which determine the shelf life of tambaqui. Microbiological analyzes with specific bacterial counts of deteriorating organisms strengthen the sensory results and it suggests the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) raw stored in ice is fit for consumption until the 22nd day.
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    Tolerância de lambaris (Bryconops caudomaculatus) submetidos a diferentes concentrações de amônia
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014-04-29) RIBEIRO, Mayara da Cruz; MORON, Sandro Estevam; 131.122.148-46; LOPES, Jane Mello; 520.526.990-15
    The diversity of the oscillations in the aquatic environment can be enhanced by the lack of preventive methods in management. The lack of knowledge about the parameters of water quality, such as transparency, alkalinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, nitrite and pollutants cause various problems. The increase in the concentration of ammonia causes toxicity to aquatic organisms as it interacts with the biological parameters and can be intensified by the lack of appropriate management in water. Animals exposed to these contaminants may change in metabolic, immunologic, physiologic, and tissue damage in target organs such as gills and liver processes. The tetra (Bryconops caudomaculatus) is a native species with potential for aquaculture, with great potential for expansion, have high proliferation, short production cycle, accepts artificial food and serves as food for other species. The lack of information and the demand for knowledge about the disturbances caused by these animals increased concentrations of ammonia in the water require more specific studies in these target organs. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of exposure of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) in juvenile Bryconops caudomaculatus, and morphological and histopathological changes in the gills and liver. 150 juvenile minnows subjected to five treatments in tripicata with concentrations of NH3 (mg L-1) were control 0.003 ± 0.4; 0.15 ± 0.5; 0.30 ± 0.3; 0.50 ± 0.5; 1.00 ± 0.4. After the experimental period, 12 animals from each treatment were collected to obtain the gills and liver. After, target organs passed by fixation, dehydration, and paraffin embedding diafranização processes. The staining technique used was toluidine blue for gills and hematoxylin-eosin for the liver. Analysis of variance was used for parametric data and Kruskal-Wallis test for the descriptive analyzes. Morphological changes were observed in the secondary lamellae in the gills from 0.15 mg L-1 as hyperplasia, hypertrophy, epithelial displacement, lamellar melt, edema, aneurysm rupture lamellar epithelium and increase in width of the lamellae. There was also the presence of liver histopathologies from 0.30 mg L-1 as the capillary congestion, inflammation, pigmentation and endogenous treatment with the highest concentration in hepatocytes showed necrosis. These changes caused by the processes of intoxication impaired vital functions, metabolism, processes of respiration and detoxification of the body, probably in hematopoiesis and osmoregulation.
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    Efeito da dieta com e sem volumoso para ovinos em terminação
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017-02-21) MENDES, Jéssica Antonia Cardoso; PARENTE, Michelle de Oliveira Maia; 047906434-25; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8658473469051383
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use of a non-voluminous diet on feeding confined sheep on nutrient intake, water intake, performance, nutrient digestibility, ingestive behavior and feed cost analysis. Sixteen male, castrated, mixed Dorper x Santa Inês mongrels were distributed in two treatments with eight replicates and eight complete randomized blocks, according to the initial weight (23,68 ± 4,21 kg). The sheep were placed in individual pens for a period of 65 days, 18 days for the adaptation of the animals to the experimental diets and 44 days for data collection. After the period of confinement, the animals remained for another 3 days in the bays, for the digestibility assay, through total collection of feces. The treatments consisted of a diet with voluminous (with voluminous ratio: concentrate, 30:70) and no voluminous diet (pelleted ration). The dry weight diet, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrate, metabolizable energy were reduced (P<0,05); And provided lower average daily weight gain (120,64 g), as well as increased feed conversion (6,82) and water intake per kg of dry matter (3,70 kg/kg MS day) of sheep finished in Confinement. This diet increased (P<0,05) the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (FAD) by 6,7% in relation to the diet with roughage. The lambs fed the non-bulking diet presented the lowest averages (P<0,05) spent with the activities: feeding time (0,84 h/day), feeding frequency (5,50), rumination time (1,22 h/day) and total chewing time (2,53 h/day). The feed time (21,46 h/day), MS ingestion efficiency (1159,02 g MS/ h) and NDF (371,81 g MS/ h), DM rumination efficiency (497,76 g MS/ h) and NDF (158,36 g MS/ h) of the animals fed the no-bulking diet was higher (P<0,05) than the bulky diet. The non-voluminous diet provided a negative profit margin (-13,17 R$/ animal). Therefore, lambs fed the non-bulking diet had lower bieconomic performance.
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    Caraterísticas de carcaça, aspectos nutricionais da carne e análise financeira da terminação em confinamento de caprinos submetidos a dietas contendo glicerina bruta
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014-04-27) ROCHA, Karlyene Sousa da; PARENTE, Henrique Nunes; CPF:85788287391; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8336639598192811
    The objective of the research was evaluate the effect of increasing levels of crude glycerin on carcass characteristics and meat quality in goat feedlot finished, as well as economic viability. Was confined 20 crossbred Boer goats , barrows , weaned at 90 days of age with an average initial weight of 17.07 ± 2.07 kg, distributed in randomized complete block design with four treatments consisted of increasing levels of inclusion crude glycerin in the diet replacing corn with 0, 4, 8, and 12% in total dry matter of the diet , and five replications . The animals were fed the diet with 30% forage and 70% concentrate in confinement lasting 65 days (14 days adaptation and 51 days of collection). At the end of the period of confinement, the animals were slaughtered and carcass evaluation was conducted to obtain slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, hot carcass yield and fat thickness. After evaluation of the carcass, the Longissimus dorsi of each carcass was removed half left for later determination of proximate composition, loss of water by boiling, water holding capacity, fatty acid profile and sensory analysis. The economic viability of the use of crude glycerin was evaluated in a spreadsheet set up from the revenue from the sale of animals, feed costs and concepts of net benefit and marginal rate of return. Inclusion of crude glycerin in the diet did not affect (P>0.05) slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, fat thickness, loss of water by boiling, water holding capacity of Longissimus dorsi muscle, as well as its composition chemistry, with the exception of ash content which decreased linearly (P< 0.01) as the glycerin was added to the diet . Replacing corn affected by crude glycerin decreasing linearly (P< 0.01) fatty acid C18:2 ω-6 and the relationship ω6:ω3 (P< 0.02) and sensory analysis of meat was no difference (P<0.05) in the attributes hardness, color and overall acceptability. Economic viability in the use of crude glycerin in feedlot finished goats generates positive rate of return. Concluded to be possible to use 12% glycerin in the diet of goats feedlot finished without changes in weight at slaughter, as well as the nutritional and sensory quality of the meat. From the economic point of view its use in the diet should be based on their availability in the region or the financial viability.
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    EFICIÊNCIA DO USO DO NITROGÊNIO E DESEMPENHO AGRONÔMICO DO MILHO EM SISTEMA DE PLANTIO DIRETO NA PALHA DE LEUCENA NO TRÓPICO ÚMIDO
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016-06-30) SILVA, Anagila Janenis Cardoso; AGUIAR, Alana das Chagas Ferreira; CPF:70556806387; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7656587511436822
    In the humid tropical soils, the efficiency of nutrient use is very low, especially those required in larger quantities by plants, such as nitrogen. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of using leucena legume biomass coverage associated with mineral fertilizer and humic acid on the availability and efficiency of use of N; evaluate the agronomic performance of the variety of corn QPM BR 473 associated with the following treatments: 133 kg ha-1 of urea as a source of nitrogen (N); 15 t ha-1 leucena (L); 133 kg ha-1 of urea + 15 t ha-1 leucena (N + L); 500 L ha-1 humic acid + 15 t ha-1 leucena (AH + L); 500 L ha-1 humic acid + 133 kg ha-1 of urea (AH + N) and 500 L ha-1 humic acid + 133 kg ha-1 of urea + 15 t ha-1 leucena (AH + N + U). All treatments received 120 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 60 kg ha-1 of K2O and 25 kg ha-1 ZnSO4. The N + L treatment was the highest productivity (5385 kg ha-1), nitrogen remobilization (35.20 kg ha-1), agronomic efficiency (32.61 kg kg-1) and higher recovery efficiency (52.44%). For this investigation, with the data efficiencies mainly shows the agronomic and nitrogen recovery efficiency and nitrogen remobilized and grain production, it can be inferred that the combination of biomass leucena with urea showed the highest productivity , noting that the use of these two sources of nitrogen together in tillage system is an important alternative for small producers in the humid tropics. Therefore, the effect of the existing synchronization between the release of nitrogen by organic and mineral sources was well demonstrated by the data presented in this study, however, the synergy of these sources with the humic acid was not fully clarified. Thus, increasing the efficiency of nutrients by plants through novel mechanisms as the application of humic acid may be a means of improving productivity. However, it is still necessary to better understand the mechanisms involved in this process to improve them.
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    Desempenho, parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos de juvenis de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), expostos a diferentes níveis de nitrito e cálcio na água
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015-05-05) NEVES, Gabriel Cardoso; LOPES, Jane Mello; CPF:52052699015; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2036359994281056
    The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of different levels of nitrite (NO2 -) associated with calcium (Ca2+) in the water on the performance, biochemical and hematological parameters of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). One hundred and sixty animals were stored in 16 boxes (n = 10) of 40 liters with constant aeration and kept in a water recirculation system with UV filter for 60 days. The design was completely randomized with 4 treatments and 4 replications in a factorial design with two levels of NO2 - (0,05 e 1,4 mg L-1) x 2 levels of Ca2+ in water (5 e 20 mg L-1). Fish (8.9±0.2 g and 15.0±0.8 cm) were fed with the diet (32% CP and max. 2.0% Ca2+) twice a day at home. Was done daily removal of waste by siphoning, and 80% of the water was replaced by another with nitrite and calcium levels previously set. The nitrite and calcium levels were maintained by the addition of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), respectively. They evaluated: the growth performance, biochemical and hematological parameters for juvenile catfish (Rhamdia quelen). The final survival was not affected by nitrite levels associated with Ca2+. At 30 days, it was observed that there was no change (P>0.05) in weight gain, biomass, specific growth rate and feed conversion between the analyzed treatments. At 60 days, there was an increase (P<0.05) in weight gain, biomass and specific growth rate for animals of the control treatment in relation to the treatment high NO2 - and Ca2+ down, and for treatment low NO2 - and Ca2+ high in relation to the treatment high NO2 - and Ca2+ high. At the end of the experiment, it was found that the feed intake was higher of the treatment low NO2 - and Ca2+ high in relation to the treatment high NO2 - and Ca2+ high. No change (P>0.05) for converting food to end the 60-day trial. No change (P>0.05) in the levels of lactate and glycogen in the liver. The treatment showed control levels (P<0.05) higher protein in the liver compared to fish subjected to high Ca2+ and NO2 - low. Glucose levels in fish liver were higher (P<0.05) in the control treatment in relation to the treatments low NO2 - and Ca2+ high and high NO2 - and Ca2+ down. The levels of lactate and glycogen in muscle showed a lower (P<0.05) in the control treatment in relation to the treatment high NO2 - and Ca2+ down. The protein level in the muscle was lower (P<0.05) in treatment high NO2 - and Ca2+ high in relation to treatment low NO2 - and Ca2+ high and treatment high NO2 - and Ca2+ down. Glucose levels in the muscle had a higher (P<0.05) of the control treatment in relation to the treatment high NO2- and Ca2+ low, and higher of the treatment low NO2- and Ca2+ high in relation to the treatment high NO2- and Ca2+ high. The increase in hardness does not favored animals subjected to high levels of nitrite in relation to the hemoglobin levels. Fish exposed to high NO2 - and Ca2+ high, showed a reduction in this parameter for the processing low NO2 - and Ca2+ high (T2). This result may be an indication that there was blood hemoglobin oxidation in methemoglobin, causing poisoning in fish. Thus, the use of 20 mg L- 1Ca2+ in water has no positive effect in reducing the toxicity of nitrite in relation to performance, biochemical and hematological parameters for juvenile catfishes (Rhamdia quelen).
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    VALOR NUTRITIVO DE VARIEDADES DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR EM FUNÇÃO DA ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014-08-27) COSTA, Mayanna Karlla Lima; SHIGAKI, Francirose; CPF:03539212701; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2430140773644443; Rodrigues, Rosane Cláudia; CPF:64361560110; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7831840285116499
    The objective was to evaluate the nutritional value of varieties of sugar cane as a function of nitrogen fertilization. The varieties used were RB 863129, RB 867515 and RB 92579 and the nitrogen doses were 0, 60, 80, 120 and 140 kg ha-1. The experiment was divided in two stages: in the stage we evaluated the productivity and nutritional quality of three varieties of sugar cane (I Year - plant cane), and in the second stage (Years II and III) we evaluated the influence of nitrogen fertilization on the nutritional quality of the first and second ratoon of the same sugar cane varieties. For the analysis of productivity and other parameters, one collection of plant material was performed at the end of each experimental. The laboratory analysis consisted in the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and (DMIVD) digestibility. In plant cane were also determinations of Brix and ratio NDF/Brix. For the plant cane, in terms of productivity in t ha-1, percentage of DM and CP, we observed a better values (P<0.05) for the RB 863129, and there was no significant difference between varieties (P <0.05) for the NDF, ADF and DMIVD. The three varieties evaluated showed reasonable chemical composition for ruminant nutrition and in vitro digestibility greater than 60%. The first and second ratoon all parameters differed (p<0.05) between varieties and fertilization, with the exception of DM content and in vitro digestibility occurring in most cases significant interaction between varieties, treatment and years of cutting. The variety RB 92579 presented at the two brass knuckles better productivity (a 131 t ha-1 of stalks) coupled with the best nutritional parameters (26% of ADF, 41% NDF, 2,44% CP and 69 DMIVD). The productivity of cane sugar, as well as its nutritional quality may suffer any increase or decrease according to the year and cutting management established in relation to nitrogen fertilization, moreover, the observed responses were influenced by varieties in most parameters assessed.
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    INFLUÊNCIA DO USO DE COBERTURA SOBRE A RESISTÊNCIA DO SOLO À PENETRAÇÃO E EFICIÊNCIA DO USO DA ÁGUA NAS CONDIÇÕES EDAFOCLIMÁTICAS DO TRÓPICO ÚMIDO
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015-05-07) SILVA, Antonia de Lima da; MOURA, Emanoel Gomes de; CPF:10041613104; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6327774615748812
    In the humid tropics, construction and soil fertility maintenance represent a challenge for farmers and also for the researchers who are dedicated to the implementation of sustainable farming systems. The objective was to evaluate the influence of ground cover use of inorganic nitrogen and increase efficiency of water use on the soil mechanical resistance to penetration, chlorophyll content and productive corn parameters in the agri-environmental conditions of the humid tropics. The treatments were: soil cover with corn + inorganic nitrogen (Ninorg) + shift watering every 4 days (4CN); Corn with ground cover + shift watering every 4 days (4C); Without mulching corn + shift + Ninorg watering every 4 days (4SN); Corn without soil cover + shift watering every 4 days (4); Corn with ground cover + shift + Ninorg watering every 8 days (8CN); Corn with ground cover + shift watering every 8 days (8C); Without mulching corn + Ninorg + shift watering every 8 days (8SN); Corn without cover soil + shift watering every 8 days (8S). In reading I to relative chlorophyll content (CRT I) 4CN treatment differed from all the other treatments being similar only with the 4SN treatment. Soil moisture levels differ between treatments in the evaluations performed at 4 and 8 days after irrigation, the evaluation performed at 4 days after irrigation, the 4CN treatments, 4C and 8C with higher percentages differ from 4SN treatments, 4S and 8SN . Regarding the soil penetration resistance (RP), in assessing four days after irrigation was found that there were no differences between treatments in the superficial layers of 0-5 cm, as in the layer 6-10 cm, the 8S treatment differed from other treatments, with higher PR of 1.53 MPa. With respect to the evaluation performed on the 8th day after the irrigation, it was found differences between treatments within each depth and maximum penetration resistance (PMAX). Most productivity components 4CN demonstrates that treatment promoted significant differences when compared to treatments with irrigation every 8 days. Regarding the efficiency of water use, treatment with 8-day irrigation schedule, proved to be more efficient, with the maximum value of 17.28 kg / m3. In view of the foregoing, it is concluded that the efficiency of water usage was higher than in treatments with high turn independently of the presence or non-watering of the soil cover.
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    EFEITO DA INIBIÇÃO DA ENZIMA CONVERSORA DE ANGIOTENSINA NA SUPEROVULAÇÃO, EXPRESSÃO GÊNICA FOLICULAR E PRODUÇÃO IN VIVO DE EMBRIÕES BOVINOS
    (Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015-02-26) BARROS, Celso Henrique Souza Costa; TORRES JÚNIOR, José Ribamar de Souza; CPF:83790713368; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7462697632109147
    The objective was to evaluate the effect of inhibition of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) with enalapril maleate in follicular development, gene expression of granulosa cells and in vivo production of embryos in cattle. In Experiment 1, we used four Girolando (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) cows to evaluate the potential suppression of cardiocirculatory system and validation of the effective dose of Enalapril Maleate. Was administered 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mg / kg of enalapril maleate and measured mean arterial pressure (MAP). The best effective dose was 0.4 mg / kg and was used in the experiments 2 and 3. In Experiment 2, we used 20 Nelore (Bos indicus) cows to measure the MAP and ovarian vascular density at 0, 2, 4 7, 10 and 24 hours after Enalapril administration. In Experiment 3, twelve Nelore (Bos indicus) cows were used. These were distributed homogeneously in two treatments: a) Enalapril Group; females subjected to superovulation protocol receiving enalapril maleate (20 mg / 5 ml) from D3 to D7 of protocol and b) Control Group; females subjected to superovulation protocol received placebo (saline 0.9 %) on the same dates and volume. In Experiment 4, follicular fluid and granulosa cells were collected in vivo by ultrasound guided follicular aspiration. Then was performed mRNA extraction and RT-PCR for the expression of enzymes P450 aromatase, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and MAS receptor. No effect of enalapril on MAP in animals treated with up to 0.3 mg / kg. Doses of 0.4 and 0.5 significantly decreased MAP in a dose-dependent level (P <0.05). There was no significant effect of enalapril maleate or the harvest time in MAP of Bos indicus cows. Enalapril significantly reduced vascular density ovarian up to 24 hours after administration. No effect of Enalapril on anovulatory follicles and corpora lutea (P> 0.05). The ovulation rate was significantly higher in the Enalapril group (P <0.001). Gene expression was similar between treated and untreated cows. The ACE inhibition through administration of Enalapril Maleate reduced MAP and ovarian vascular density, but not improved follicular growth did not increase the expression of genes associated with follicular development and did not increases in vivo production of embryos in superstimulated cows.