PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIODIVERSIDADE E CONSERVAÇÃO - PPGBC
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Item Polinização, sistema reprodutivo e abelhas visitantes de duas espécies simpátricas de Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) em área de cerrado no Maranhão, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2007-02-26) MENDES, Fernanda Nogueira; ALBUQUERQUE, Patricia Maia Corrêa de; CPF:27005305353; RÊGO, Márcia Maria Corrêa; CPF:27005518349; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0553701192565687; MACHADO, Isabel Cristina Sobreira; CPF:18717519420; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9624864332158474(Pollination and Reproduction System of Byrsonima umbellata Mart. (Malpighiaceae) in Cerrado at Maranhão, Brazil). The reproductive biology of Byrsonima umbellata was studied in a Cerrado area close to Bom Jesus (03°12'28 '' S, 43°24'12 '' W) far from 46 km of the municipal district of Urbano Santos, northeast of Maranhão, Brazil, from Mar to Oct/2005 and Mar to Oct/2006. Flowering phenology, morphology and floral biology were studied and bees visitors were observed. The breeding system was verified through experimental pollinations in the field. Byrsonima umbellata is a specie with hermaphrodite flowers, of diurnal anthesis and high pollen viability. The flowering pattern is annual, extensive and irregular, having production of buds and flowers more or less constant along the months. The controlled pollinations showed that the species is partially self-incompatible. Forty two species of bee visitors were observed. The tribe Meliponini presented larger abundance, while the wealth was larger in the Centridini tribe.Item Impacto ambiental no igarapé do Sabino (Bacia do Rio Tibiri) provocado pelos resíduos e efluentes do aterro da Ribeira, São Luís, MA(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2007-12-07) CAMPOS, Antonio Eduardo Lopes; BARBIERI, Ricardo; NUNES, Gilvanda SilvaThis study aims to perform a physical characterization and to evaluate the environmental impacts provoked by the Ribeira landfill in the Sabino’s bayou, which is part of the basin of Tibiri, in São Luís, state of Maranhão. Physical-chemical and morphometrical analyses have been made, and also bibliographical and cartographical surveys on the sub-basin of Sabino (Sabino’s bayou). As field parameter, pH, water temperature, conductivity, flow velocity of channel, sinuosity, shape of transversal section, area of transversal section and river discharge have been measured. By means of laboratory analyses, oxygen dissolved in water, oxygen biochemical demand and tenors of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni and Fe) have been determined. The results obtained to the circularity index, factor of form and coefficient of compactness show that the sub-basin has an enlongated form being little susceptible to floodings. The concentration of dissolved oxygen is below the level permitted by CONAMA legislation (up to 5 mg/l) in almost all sampled areas. In the first sampled area, it has been detected a high DB05 in several months of the year and the tenors of Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe are above the levels permitted by CONAMA legislation, which shows various impacts in the area studied.Item Comunidade de machos de Euglossina (Hymenoptera: Apidae) e avaliação da suficiência amostral dos métodos tradicionais de coleta para a sua captura em área de Cerrado no Nordeste Brasileiro, Balsas, MA(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2012-02-14) MENDONÇA, Márcio Wésley Alves; REBÊLO, José Manuel Macário; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1026308157852394; RÊGO, Márcia Maria Corrêa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0553701192565687; ALBUQUERQUE, Patrícia Maia Correa de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2638140144113936; RÊGO, Márcia Maria Corrêa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0553701192565687; MAUÉS, Márcia Motta; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0976385386657517; RÊGO, Felipe do Nascimento Andrade de Almeida; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9986815135147230A community of orchid bees from Northeast Cerrado was investigated in relation to the species composition and response to two methods of traditionally employed survey, scent baits end insect net, during the period from November/2010 to September/2011. A total of 1705 Euglossina males belonging to four genera and 18 species have also resulted from complementary efforts. The two methods of collecting evaluated have sampled 292 individuals, 14 species. Scent baits captured 83 individuals and 12 species, while the insect nets captured 209 individuals and 11 species. Two species were sampled exclusively on net, while three species were sampled exclusively on scent traps. Both richness and abundance were significantly different between the sampling methods. Insect net method captured more individuals and species per point than the trap and proved to be about four times higher on average than the scent bait method. The highest richness was found in the rainy season. Three new records are described for the Brazilian Cerrado, Euglossa (Euglossa) despecta (Moure), Eulaema (Apeulaema) pseudocingulata (Oliveira) and Eulaema (Eulaema) meriana (Oliver). The non- parametric estimators for the total effort indicate that about 1⁄4 of Euglossina species that inhabit the study area were not captured. This study suggest that although the method of nets has been shown superior, the scent baits alone when adapted to cover large areas, increasing the number of sampling points, it can provide a good sampling of the fauna of these bees in Cerrado under the conditions of the present study.Item Determinação voltamétrica de catequina por eletrodo de carbono impresso modificado com nanotubo de carbono funcionalizado(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2014-01-22) SILVA, Ana Luisa; SILVA, Quésia Guedes da; 649.943.423-20; TAKANA, Auro Atsushi; 005.482.048-02The catechin compound is a phenolic that has a great oxidant action,it is found in a different kinds of food such as wine, juice and tea, its application to inhibit ultraviolet radiation, reduces the level of cholesterol, among others. Currently, techniques are used for determining catechin as a gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, although the electrochemical detection method is a promising yet, because it is less cumbersome and can distinguish between the oxidized and the reduced form of catechin. A growing number of studies has shown the necessity for a hurry procedure to availible the content of catechin and electrochemical techniques have been successfully employed. The research activities carried out in this study were the characterization and optimization of the parameters used for the determination of catechin in a printed carbon electrode modified with functionalized carbon nanotube by means of cyclic voltammetry technique and application in the quantification of this analyte in a sample of black tea. The best results were obtained at a concentration of 1x10-3 mol L-1 through catechin phosphate buffer 0.1 mol L-1 pH 7.0 using a potential sweep rate of 0.05 V s-1. From these conditions an analytical curve was obtained by linear response over the concentration range of catechin between 2.0 × 107 to 1.68 × 10-5 mol L-1, as limits of detection and quantification of 9.2 x10-8 and 3.0x10-7 mol L-1, respectively. The oxidation of catechin showed a peak located around 0.15 V vs. Ag / AgCl potential being near the peak shown in the literature.Item ESPECTRO POLÍNICO E INFLUÊNCIA DE PARÂMETROS CLIMÁTICOS NA PRODUÇÃO DE PRÓPOLIS DA ABELHA TUBI - Scaptotrigona aff. postica (Latreille, 1807) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015-06-01) SOUZA, Helder Rocha de; ALBUQUERQUE, Patrícia Maia Correia de; CPF:27005305353; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2638140144113936; ORSI, Ricardo de Oliveira; CPF:17165467882; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9321850467475766; TENÓRIO, Eleuza Gomes; CPF:46004246387; http://lattes.cnpq.br/9076195471632655Introduction - There is no specific study on the production of Scaptotrigona aff propolis. postica and the interaction of these bees with vegetation surrounding its colonies. It is known different types of propolis that occur are related to the characteristics fitogeográficas of plant resins that compose them and nothing is known about the correlation climatic factors on production. Given this situation and the increased interest of scientific community to know that propolis is that it proposed to hold this research. Objective - To investigate the influence of abiotic factors in the production of propolis and aspects related to the interactions between bees and the vegetation close to the colonies. Methods - Between April 2011 and March 2012 was collected weekly propolis four colonies of S. aff. postica in Barra do Corda, MA, Brazil. Daily data temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, photoperiod and radiation solar at the trial sites were recorded. We calculated the correlation coefficient Pearson (r) between the mass of the produced propolis and climatic parameters. of each propolis sample pollen grains were extracted and made blades microscopy. The pollen types were identified, counted and relative frequencies obtained. Results - The four hives produced 5,438 annual average g and was 1359.5 ± 80.8 g per hive. The correlation coefficients statistically significant They were: i) rainfall (r = -0.46, p = 0.0039), ii) relative humidity (r = -0.39 P = 0.0156), iii) minimum temperature (r = -0.33, p = 0.0427) and iv) amplitude Thermal (r = 0.32 and p = 0.0494). The correlation between rainfall and humidityRelative air was r = 0.53 and p = 0.0007, and between temperature range and minimum temperature, r = -0.92 And p <0.0001. The analysis of the pollen spectrum, were found 97 types pollen in 35 families. Borreria verticillata (L.) G. Mey. (34.17%) was most frequent species, followed by Anadenanthera sp. (13.65%) and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (10.5%). Fabaceae (38.37%) was represented by 30 pollen types while Rubiaceae (34.18%) was represented by only two. There were 28 types exclusive pollen spread between the months of collection. Conclusions - The production of propolis correlates with increasing temperature variation, which occurs due to decreasing the minimum temperature. The increase in rainfall contributes with the decrease in production and the increase in relative humidity and this is positively correlates with production. The interruption in production for three months may be related to diapause queen that may have been triggered by the reduction photoperiod. The wide variety of types of pollen grains found in the samples of Propolis demonstrates strong interaction plant bee and contribute their characterization fitogeográfica. Exclusive pollen types can be used as an indicator for seasonal characterization of propolis.Item Biologia da tartaruga de água doce Mesoclemmys tuberculata (LUEDERWALDT, 1926)(TESTUDINES:CHELIDA) da Ilha de São Cosme , Pequenos Lençois Maranhenses,Brasi(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016-02-22) SANTIAGO, Paula Maria Mesquita; BARRETO, Larissa Nascimento; 351.788.843-53; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1295307492454506; ANDRADE, Gilda Vasconcellos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1762004877075277; REBELO, George Henrique; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8942738925481880Knowledge of the diet and histology of language is potentially important for clarify the alimentary composition, the arrangement and the cellular morphology, facilitating the understanding of animal biology. In this way, this research aims to to analyze Mesoclemmys' diet, food strategy and morphohistology tuberculata. The collections were carried out on the Island of São Cosme in the Little Lençóis Maranhenses, municipality of Paulino Neves. For capture of the animals was used traps of the type "Fyke nets", active search, trawl and covo. The contents were collected by means of stomach lavage in the period from April 2014 to May. The stomach contents were observed under a microscope stereoscopic; the prey were identified and classified into categories and the volumes. The importance of the different items was quantified through the Food Importance (IIA). Similarity in the diet between the sexes was evaluated through Simplified Morisita index and the food strategy through the Costello Diagram. For morphological analysis of the tongue, samples of the tongue of four species of the species Mesoclemmys tuberculata that were euthanized, these were fixed in 10% formalin and included in paraffin by standard histological technique. The species Mesoclemmys tuberculata has a diet based on animal and benthic items with dominance of Nymph of Odonata (Fo% -49%, Vo% - 45,8%, IIA-0,69) and Mollusk (I% -38% and Vo% -18.5%, IIA -0.21), niche overlap between males and females females, there are no dietary differences between classes of sizes and presents diet specialist with high inter-phenotype component. Histology confirmed the diet data found. The tongue of Mesoclemmys tuberculata histologically is a tongue small with non-keratinized cubic stratified epithelial tissue with few papillae, typical of aquatic carnivorous animals that feed through suction.Item RISCO DE CONTAMINAÇÃO DE SOLOS E ÁGUAS SUBTERRÂNEAS NO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO POR ORGANOCLORADOS: SUSCETIBILIDADE DE ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016-02-23) CARREIRO, Lorena Mendes; NUNES, Gilvanda Silva; CPF:27928853353; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5833210771020427Test of risk of contamination of soil and groundwater in Maranhão by organochlorines. Analysis of the susceptibility of ecological interest areas of the state.Item Exposição de aves migratórias limícolas a metais pesados na costa maranhense, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016-04-29) SOUSA, Ana Paula Silva de; MEDEIROS, Manuel Alfredo Araujo; 255.454.693-20; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1059798585946068; SANTOS, Ricardo Rodrigues dos; 499.215.253-87; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3450756019036388; RODRIGUES, Roberta Costa; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3159405873795347; FURTADO, Jomar Livramento Barros; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1825174805506031Whereas heavy metal contamination may be associated with population decline of migratory Nearctic shorebirds, this study found that the assimilation of these contaminants by Calidris pusilla and Arenaria interpres in two wintering areas on the north coast of Brazil, in the State of Maranhão, can contribute as a factor for the population decline of the species. Metals cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury, selenium and zinc were analyzed in contour feathers of 15 individuals of each species by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. There was a significant difference only for mercury between the two species. The average concentration of metals were below the threshold considered toxic to birds. The fact that the contamination did not reach the threshold considered harmful to both migratory species in this study is an indication that in this region, the heavy metal contamination is not considered a potential factor in the decline of populations of migratory birds that overwinter in north coast of Brazil, specially in Maranhão. However, migratory birds use different areas on the north coast of Brazil along different migration routes, which makes it necessary to expand the area in future studies.Item Variabilidade genética de duas populações de Kinosternon scorpioides No Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil, com base na região controladora do mtDNA.(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016-06-25) NUNES, Mayara Monteles de Almeida; ANDRADE, Marcelo Souza de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6267637354657076; BARRETO, Larissa Nascimento; BARRETO, Larissa Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1295307492454506; ANDRADE, Marcelo Souza de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6267637354657076; LEAL, Emygdia Rosa Pires; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0374728351065012; SILVA, Marcelo Magalhães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5367804470044420Kinosternon scorpioides, known as swear is one of the best known species of freshwater turtles in Brazil with wide distribution in South America in Central America and Mexico. In the state of Maranhão were found 06 species of freshwater turtles. Among the Terrapins, the swear is one of the least known to science. Knowledge of the genetic makeup of some sort is necessary to evaluate the variability levels found in natural populations and defining population structure by philogeography. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of populations had sworn the coastal region of Curupu-MA Island (L1) and the Continental Region of Baixada Maranhense in São Bento (L2). For genetic variability analysis was used to control region of DNA mitocondrial.O blood of the animals was collected and extracted DNA. The fragments of the mtDNA control region (CR) were PCR amplified, purified and sequenced. Fifteen specimens were analyzed between these six L1 region and L2 region nine. Individuals of L1 region is not newly introduced specimens according to analyze the haplotype network have generated with genetic distance L2 of individuals. The analysis of a control region of mtDNA may be relevant to species because it was found a clade forming a haplotype different from the other two species of the genus. In these analyzes it can be concluded that populations have genetic variability, noting the difference between these in the haplotype network generated and the differences with the external groups of aligned sequences, yet the deepening of genetic studies is likely to support strategies for the conservation of the species.Item Diversidade de crustáceos decápodes em riachos do cerrado do Maranhão - Brasil(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017-03-27) ANDRADE, Kele Sousa Pires; ARAÚJO, Marina de Sá Leitão Câmara de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4315354380176563; NUNES, Jorge Luiz Silva; 838685263-15; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1899258151972278; NUNES, Jorge Luiz Silva; 838685263-15; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1899258151972278; COELHO FILHO, Petrônio Alves; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6199404909303456; PIORSKI, Nivaldo Magalhães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7220575466585169The fauna of freshwater crustaceans is widely distributed in Brazil, being dominated by crabs of the family Trichodactylidae H. Milne-Edwards, 1853 and the prawns of the genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868 of the Palaemonidae family. The State of Maranhão does not have enough studies on freshwater crustaceans, thus, this is the first study to provide an update on the knowledge of the genus Macrobrachium and the family Trichodactylidae for the eastern region of Maranhão. Eight streams of the East of Maranhão were sampled with hand nets, sieves and trawl, passed in the bottom and submerged marginal vegetation for a period of 20 minutes in a stretch of 150m. A total of 526 specimens of shrimp were collected in five species: Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) (N=119), M. acanthurus (Wiegmann, 1836) (N=116), M. carcinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (N=01), M. jelskii (Miers, 1877) (N=235) and M. olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836) (N=55). We also registered 22 specimens of Trichodactylidae crabs, distributed in four genera and four species: Goyazana castelnaui (H. MilneEdwards, 1853) (N=6), Dilocarcinus septemdententatus (Herbst, 1783) (N=11), Sylviocarcinus pictus H. Milne-Edwards, 1853) (N=3) and Valdivia serrata White, 1847 (N = 2). The species M. carcinus and M. olfersii were registered for the first time in the State, increasing the number of species of freshwater prawns in Maranhão, from four to six species. We have also developed an identification key of the genus Macrobrachium for the State. Thus, we confirm the records of these species for the State and the extension of their distribution area, with maps of occurrence.Item DIVERSIDADE DE PEIXES DE RIACHOS EM ÁREAS DE CERRADO: COMPOSIÇÃO, ESTRUTURA E INTEGRIDADE DE HABITATS.(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017-03-31) LIMA, Thamires Barroso; PIORSKI, Nivaldo Magalhães; 281.157.833-15; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7220575466585169; PIORSKI, Nivaldo Magalhães; 281.157.833-15; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7220575466585169; NUNES, Jorge Luiz Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1899258151972278; FIGUEIREDO, Marina Bezerra; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7460926931244016As a natural system, rivers and streams are important for the conservation of biodiversity because they harbor a great diversity of species formed from spatial and temporal variations that include the environment, the species, the interactions between the species and the environment, besides the historical and geographical conditions. Understanding the causes of this variation is an important issue to understand how biodiversity is structured throughout space. In order to test the hypothesis that there are differences in the composition and structure of the ichthyofauna between watersheds, due to the differences in the internal habitat and due to changes in the supply of allochthonous materials, we use a regularly standardized sampling method to characterize the margins and the inner part of the streams in the watersheds of the rivers Alpercatas, Itapecuru, Munim and Preguiças between the years of 2012 and 2015. We used a similarity analysis (ANOSIM) to verify the existence of spatial differences in the composition and abundance of fish species between the basins. To compare abundance we use the rank of abundance. Diversity was compared through rarefaction curves. The patterns in the trophic composition between the watersheds were evaluated with the abundance data of the species for each trophic guild through a coordinate analysis (PCoA). The multicollinearity among predictor variables was calculated using the Spearman correlation. In order to analyze the effects of the predictor variables on the response variables (richness and abundance of species) in each basin, we used multiple linear regression and the generalized linear model. A total of 4,048 individuals belonging to seven orders, 27 families and 68 species were collected. The species composition among the basins was similar between Alpercatas and Itapecuru and between Munim and Preguiças. In the basins of Itapecuru, Alpercatas and Preguiças there was a predominance of omnivorous individuals, whereas in the Munim basin there was a predominance of herbivorous individuals. Regarding local factors, the richness and abundance of the species was influenced by the depth and width of the channel in the Alpercatas basin and by the temperature of the dissolved oxygen and water in the Itapecuru basin. The abundance of the species was influenced by the flow velocity and the water temperature in Munim. In the Preguiças basin, the depth of the canal was the most important variable for the richness and abundance of the species. To cover the soil, areas with cultivation presence presented lower richness and abundance of species in the Itapecuru basin. Whereas, in the Munim areas with pasture presence presented greater wealth and abundance of species. The results obtained in this work suggest that even if more drainage systems share a greater number of species, a certain portion of these species may be restricted to a river basin or may have difficulties in dispersing to other basins. On the other hand, some species seem to adapt well to the different conditions imposed by the environment, since changes in soil cover were reflected in the trophic composition of the species favoring the occurrence of omnivorous individuals. In addition, the effect of local factors (depth, channel width, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and soil cover) in each of the studied watersheds shows that the habitat structure plays an important role in structuring the fish community.Item Determinação de elementos traços na água e no sedimento do baixo curso da Bacia do Itapecuru-MA, Brasil(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2018-04-30) SILVA, Francisco Eduardo Paiva Silva e; NUNES, Gilvanda Silva; 279.288.533-53; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5833210771020427; VILLIS, Paulo César Mendes; JORGE, Marianna BassoResponsible for supplying 55% of the population of the capital São Luís, Maranhão, the Itapecuru river basin has always been essential for the development of the region. Though, anthropogenic impacts due to uncontrolled population growth and agricultural expansion have led to changes in water quality. This study aimed to evaluate the physical-chemical parameters in water and trace elements (Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Se and Zn) in surface water and sediments in the lower Itapecuru river in three cities (Rosário, Santa Rita and Itapecuru-Mirim), and it was conducted during the dry and wet seasons to understand the frequency of pollution throughout the year. In relation to the limits established by Brazilian legislation, the results of the physical-chemical analysis of the water for the wet season qualify it for human consumption, whereas for the dry season, inadequacies are observed in the turbidity(102 – 165 NTU), dissolved oxygen (4.10 – 4.36 mg.L-1 ) , total dissolved solids (2 – 6.64 g.L-1 ) and salinity (0.18 – 0.65 PPT), mainly in the city of Rosário. In water samples the concentration of Al and Fe were higher than the allowed at all sampling points during the dry season (0.17 – 1.18 mg.L-1 Al ; 1.18 – 3.70 mg.L-1 Fe), as well as in the cities of Rosário and Itapecuru-Mirim, during the wet season (0.18 – 0.39 mg.L-1 Al ; 0.77 – 2.02 mg.L-1 Fe). In conclusion, the results suggest a significant seasonal effect (p < 0.05) on water and sediment samples, and the concentrations found are likely to cause adverse effects to aquatic biota and man.Item Uso de nicho espacial por girinos nectônicos(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2018-12-19) PEIXOTO NETO, Carlos Alberto Algarves; ANDRADE, Gilda Vasconcellos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1762004877075277; ANDRADE, Gilda Vasconcellos de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1762004877075277; ROSSA-FERES, Denise Cerqueira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6863776138321135; BARRETO, Larissa Nascimento; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1295307492454506Competition is among the processes that structure neotropical tadpole communities. Little is known about how the choice of microhabitat influences the distribution of neotropical tadpoles. We investigated whether the tadpoles of Scinax x-signatus and Scinax fuscomarginatus overlapped the spatial niche and presented a segregated distribution in 15 temporary temporary ponds on the island of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. In laboratory, we tested the hypothesis that large size tadpoles of S. x-signatus would not be affected in the use of spatial resources for foraging by small size tadpoles of the same species or small size tadpoles of S. fuscomarginatus. For laboratory experiments, tadpoles of different spawnings were collected in temporary open water bodies. After acclimatization we filmed the interactions between species and different sizes of tadpoles in an experimental design with focal tadpoles of Scinax x-signatus of small size (n = 30), focal larvae of S. x-signatus of large size (n = 30) and tadpoles of S. fuscomarginatus (n = 60). Slides with food (algae) arranged in the aquarium made it possible to evaluate the use of space by tadpoles. The use of the height of the slide (Vertical Position) and displacement among different slides (Horizontal Position) by tadpoles were obtained by analysing the videos. For the analysis of spatial niche overlap and observed co-occurrence pattern we used the EcoSim software. To identify the preference in the use of the space we used mixed models, function lme with a posterior test of Tukey in the software R. In the ponds, the species are overlapping in the use of environmental resources, but they differ in the frequency of use. In the experiment, the small focal tadpoles of S. x-signatus, which occupy smaller to medium depths, altered the horizontal position in the presence of coespecific larger tadpoles or tadpoles of S. fuscomarginatus. While large focal tadpoles, which occupy the greater depths, in the presence of a coespecific or heterospecific tadpole changed the height of foraging. Thus, the small tadpoles seem to try to avoid interaction, whereas the large tadpoles seem to alter the position in the water column to occupy the space that smaller tadpoles can use.Item Etnobiologia do boto-cinza Sotalia guianensis (Van Bénéden, 1864) no litoral oriental maranhense e implicações para sua conservação(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2019-02-18) FILGUEIRA, Carlos Henrique Marinho dos Santos; VIDAL, Marcelo Derzi; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0861725321644797; NUNES, Jorge Luiz Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1899258151972278; NUNES, Jorge Luiz Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1899258151972278; SICILIANO, Salvatore; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2471615656999141; PIORSKI, Nivaldo Magalhães; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7220575466585169Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) is a traditional knowledge accumulated through the observation of nature and can also be transmitted by the generations. Artisanal fishermen, because of their experience and constant contact with the marine environments, are CEL holders on the biology and ecology of the aquatic fauna, knowing the seasonality and distribution of the main species of aquatic fish and mammals with which they share the environments. Among these, we highlight Sotalia guianensis (estuarine dolphin), a small cetacean that inhabits the estuaries from the north of Santa Catarina to Honduras in Central America. Due to its estuarine and coastal distribution, anchovy suffers mainly impacts with marine pollution and accidental catches in fishing nets. Ethnobiological studies with artisanal fishermen are important in order to obtain information necessary for the conservation of the species, but also to help raise the awareness of fishermen about the importance of estuarine dolphin. The objective of this study was to investigate the CEL of the fishermen of Resex Baía do Tubarão, eastern coast of Maranhão, in relation to the ecology of estuarine dolphin. Using semi-structured questionnaires and photographic plates, 113 artisanal fishermen from six fishing communities were interviewed, where they were questioned about species characteristics, behaviors, diet, main places of occurrence and the existence of accidents of porpoises in fishing nets. All the interviewees were male, with a predominant age range of 36-45 years. Of the fishermen interviewed, most of the vessels are motorized and the respondents reported using 13 types of fishing gear, with the haul (n = 16; 14,16%) the most cited. Most fishermen indicated S. guianensis as one of the species of cetaceans that occurs in the area surveyed. The interviewees reported the coloring patterns, feeding behaviors, aerial activities, and displacement, as well as the main species of fish that make up the estuarine dolphin diet. The different communities presented a level of CEL regarding the similar identification and ecology of the estuarine dolphin. The fishermen reported 31 reports of accidental catch and two reports of the use of dolphin meat for bait in order to capture elasmobranchs. The information obtained from the study is important as evidence of traditional knowledge about the dolphin populations of the coast of Maranhão. In this way, establishing partnerships between traditional communities and the scientific community is extremely important, in order to fill the gaps in scientific knowledge, aiming at the conservation of environments and species, especially S. guianensis.Item Seleção de ferramentas e caranguejos por macacos-prego (Sapajus libidinosos) em Manguezal(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2019-02-25) SILVA, Jardeani Mendes da; SANTOS, Ricardo Rodrigues dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3450756019036388; SANTOS, Ricardo Rodrigues dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3450756019036388; PRESOTTO, Andrea; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2892955388176991; CUTRIM, Fernanda Helena Ribeiro; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6884870577540737In recent years, the study on the use of tools has reached relevance in research related to the evolution of intelligence in primates. Among the neotropical primates, the primates of the Sapajus genus have been distinguished by the habitual use of tools in nature as a way to facilitate access to food resources. The capuchin monkeys use great tools to consume a wide variety of foods. In Brazil, studies on the use of tools on bearded capuchin are mainly aimed at groups living in the cerrado and caatinga. In flooded forests, such as mangroves, records are scarce. In this study, we aimed to verify how Sapajus libidinosus monkeys living in mangroves select tools according to the weight of the crabs and how to use tools in the different age classes of these primates. We assume that heavier crabs are most often consumed with the aid of tools. Assuming that the weight is a variable that correlates positively with the development of the crab and, therefore, with the rigidity of its exoskeleton, it was expected that the use of tools would be more frequent in crabs of greater weight because it presents greater resistance to break. In addition, we anticipate that adults use tools with more frequencies than subadults and juvenile monkeys, because they have greater body weight, more experience and therefore greater capacity and strength for the breaking activity. The research was carried out in the mangroves of the river Preguiças, in the city of Barreirinhas, north coast of Brazil. We carried out an experimental study in a natural environment with the use of wooden feeding platforms fixed to the mangrove roots Rhizophora mangle. The platforms were provisioned with crabs of the species Ucides cordatus along with tools made with wood. The feeding records were obtained from a group represented by 16 animals, in which 8 of them were observed the use of tools. We observed that the animals do not select the tools according to the weight of the crabs, but in relation to the cheliped. The cheliped is probably the most resistant structure of the crab. In addition, we found significant differences between tool weights used by adult monkeys and subadults. This suggests that adults seem to use heavier tools than subadults. However, the use of tools was not observed in young individuals. This study brings new insights into the ecological and evolutionary context of Sapajus libidinosus with the use of tools in mangroves, because unlike what occurs in the caatinga and cerrado, where the tools are stone hammers and used to break fruits, in the mangrove, these animals use mangrove wood tools to access animal food resources like crab.Item Entender a dinâmica do fogo para a conservação da Reserva Biológica do Gurupi na Amazônia Oriental(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2021-12-17) FREIRE, Ana Talita Galvão; ANDERSON, Liana Oighenstein; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7834780583735756; ROUSSEAU, Guillaume Xavier; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7950642644511983; ROUSSEAU, Guillaume Xavier; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7950642644511983; ANDERSON, Liana Oighenstein; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7834780583735756; BARRETO, Bruno de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5577038057194931; BEZERRA, Denilson Da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6162113647472848The Gurupi Biological Reserve is an integral protection conservation unit in the Amazon, sheltering endemic and endangered species altered to serve economic interests. Furthermore, continuous deforestation puts the occurrence of forest fires at constant risk. Thus, this master's thesis consisted of understanding the dynamics of fire in different ages of secondary forests, verifying fire's temporal and spatial dynamics and its relationship with climatic variables and with land use and land cover in the interior of Rebio and its area, as a subsidy for the conservation of biodiversity in the region. Thus, the Mann-Whitney test was performed to test the hypothesis of a difference in fire occurrences inside and around the Rebio and use the Google Earth Engine to process data from 2012 to 2018. The results showed that in 2016, 85% of fire ignitions were found to occur in forest cover, evidencing arson fire and not escaping from adjacent areas. On the other hand, an average of 81% of the ignitions took place inside Rebio, while 19% came from the surrounding area. It is understood that this study identifies priority areas for prevention activities since it explicitly identified the forest areas that were already affected by fire and, therefore, are more susceptible to new fires.Item Diversidade e eficiência de rizóbios simbiontes de leguminosa arbórea na Amazônia oriental(Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2021-12-20) SOUZA, Juliana Lima Brito; COELHO, Kátia Pereira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7656587511436822; AGUIAR, Alana das Chagas Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7656587511436822; AGUIAR, Alana das Chagas Ferreira; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7656587511436822; CORRÊA, Thaís Roseli; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3415407798108175; BARRETO, Bruno de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/2022301821222852; COSTA, Patrícia Freitas; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7720775577946094Among the challenges to mitigate the low efficiency of waste use in tropical is the understanding of the processes involved in the efficiency of the symbiosis between trees and legumes. In this context, the present work aims to evaluate the phenotypic diversity of rhizobia in symbiosis with Gliricidia sepium, isolated from Amazonian soil, as well as their efficiency in comparison with commercial inoculant and chemical nitrogen fertilization. For the setup of the experiment in a greenhouse and isolation of native rhizobia were used containing soils from a pasture area and an area with secondary pots in position for ten years, using sepium as a trap. Plant development was evaluated using three sources from the native community: control (native bacteria present in the soil); inoculant; and chemical nitrogen fertilizer. As measured variables they serve to construct a plant development index (VDI). The results point to a compatibility of the native rhizobia community with an exotic legume in both responses, with a proposal of equality of results or superior to the alternative treatments of nitrogen and inoculation with recommended strains. Nodular natives were found in the symbiotic use area similar to natural treatments 1, isolated and identified as using the organic source or potentially rich in the use of the organic source for the recovery of degraded areas.